Focusing of hard x-rays to 16 nanometers with a multilayer Laue lens

Kang, Hyon Chol; Yan, Hongyuan; Winarski, R.; Holt, Martin V.; Mäser, J.; Liu, Chian; Conley, Ray; Vogt, Stefan; Macrander, Albert T.; Stephenson, G. B.

doi:10.1063/1.2912503

Cited by 204 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…We consider MLL's with a diameter of 30 µm, which corresponds to typical lateral coherence lengths of 20 keV x-rays at a 3 rd generation synchrotron source, and a thickness of 13.5 µm, which corresponds to the optimum thickness of an MLL of Si and WSi2 for a photon energy of 19.5 keV. As an example, we use an outermost zone width of 5 nm, corresponding to MLL structures we fabricated currently 25 . A plane wave at 19.5 keV is impinging on the MLL described above, with an inclination angle of θ to the normal direction of the sample surface, as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Diffraction From An Mll With Flat Tilted and Wedged Zomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2). This geometry has been manufactured as MLL's with outermost zone widths of 15 nm, 10 nm and 5 nm, and demonstrated to focus hard x-rays efficiently into a line with a width smaller than 20 nm 25 . The aspect ratios of the manufactured MLL structures range from 1000 -3000, more than an order of magnitude larger than what has been achieved using lithographic techniques.…”

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture

et al. 2007

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We present a formalism of x-ray dynamical diffraction from volume diffractive optics with large numerical aperture and high aspect ratio, in an analogy to the Takagi-Taupin equations for strained single crystals. We derive a set of basic equations for dynamical diffraction from volume diffractive optics, which enable us to study the focusing property of these optics with various grating profiles. We study volume diffractive optics that satisfy the Bragg condition to various degrees, namely flat, tilted and wedged geometries, and derive the curved geometries required for ultimate focusing. We show that the curved geometries satisfy the Bragg condition everywhere and phase requirement for point focusing, and effectively focus hard x-rays to a scale close to the wavelength.

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Section: Diffraction From An Mll With Flat Tilted and Wedged Zomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture

et al. 2007

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“…MLLs have been developed [3][4][5][6] as one-or two-dimensional zone plates fabricated by thin film deposition with interface positions according to y n = (nλ/2) 2 + nλ f for each layer n. Compared to lithography, much smaller outermost zone widths down to dr n 1 nm can be achieved, allowing for large numerical aperture and correspondingly small spot size 1.22dr n . It is now well understood that this ideal value, calculated based on the projection approximation (thin diffraction structures compared to f), is constricted by diffraction within the zone plate (volume diffraction).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This is well below the limit of optics based on total external reflection (single coated mirrors, waveguides 9 ), and also below the smallest focus size reported so far (7 nm) achieved with an adaptive multilayer x-ray mirror system. 10 Using a MLL which was tilted to an average Bragg angle, hard x-rays have been focused down to 16 nm, 4 and more recently to 13.1 nm focal width (FWHM). 11 Wedged designs with each zone satisfying its (local) Bragg condition have been addressed theoretically.…”

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confidence: 99%

A combined Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror and multilayer lens for sub-10 nm x-ray focusing

et al. 2012

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We have used a combined optical system of a high gain elliptic Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror system (KB) and a multilayer Laue lens (MLL) positioned in the focal plane of the KB for hard x-rays nano-focusing. The two-step focusing scheme is based on a high acceptance and high gain elliptical mirror with moderate focal length and a MLL with ultra-short focal length. Importantly, fabrication constraints, i.e. in mirror polishing and bending, as well as MLL deposition can be significantly relaxed, since (a) the mirror focus in the range of 200-500 nm is sufficient, and (b) the number of layers of the MLL can be correspondingly small. First demonstrations of this setup at the coherence beamline of the PETRA III storage ring yield a highly divergent far-field diffraction pattern, from which the autocorrelation function of the near-field intensity distribution was obtained. The results show that the approach is well suited to reach smallest spot sizes in the sub-10nm range at high flux

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“…PACS numbers: 78.70.Ck, 03.67.Bg, 42.50.Nn, 76.80.+y Keywords: x-ray quantum optics, entanglement, interference effects, nuclear forward scattering Optical lasers have been at the heart of quantum physics for the last decades. The commissioning of the first x-ray free electron lasers (XFEL) [1][2][3][4][5] and the developments of x-ray optics elements [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] bring into play higher photon frequencies and promote the emerging field of x-ray quantum optics [13]. Apart from a powerful imaging tool, coherent x-ray light may also offer a solution for avoiding the diffraction limit bottleneck for compact photonic devices [14,15], and render possible the coherent control of transitions in ions [16][17][18][19][20] and nuclei [21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

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Proposed Entanglement of X-ray Nuclear Polaritons as a Potential Method for Probing Matter at the Subatomic Scale

Liao

Pálffy

2014

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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A setup for generating the special superposition of a simultaneously forward-and backward-propagating collective excitation in a nuclear sample is studied. We show that by actively manipulating the scattering channels of single x-ray quanta with the help of a normal incidence x-ray mirror, a nuclear polariton which propagates in two opposite directions can be generated. The two counterpropagating polariton branches are entangled by a single x-ray photon. The quantum nature of the nuclear excitation entanglement gives rise to a subangstromwavelength standing wave excitation pattern that can be used as a flexible tool to probe matter dynamically on the subatomic scale. PACS numbers: 78.70.Ck, 03.67.Bg, 42.50.Nn, 76.80.+y Keywords: x-ray quantum optics, entanglement, interference effects, nuclear forward scattering Optical lasers have been at the heart of quantum physics for the last decades. The commissioning of the first x-ray free electron lasers (XFEL) [1][2][3][4][5] and the developments of x-ray optics elements [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] bring into play higher photon frequencies and promote the emerging field of x-ray quantum optics [13]. Apart from a powerful imaging tool, coherent x-ray light may also offer a solution for avoiding the diffraction limit bottleneck for compact photonic devices [14,15], and render possible the coherent control of transitions in ions [16][17][18][19][20] and nuclei [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, new x-ray optical elements such as beam splitters [12] and mirrors [9,10] lay the foundation for developing quantum interferometers and controlling the quantum behavior of single x-ray photons. Apart from their potential in the field of quantum information [28,29], the probing proficiency of single x-ray quanta would be an appreciated counterpart to traditional x-ray imaging techniques with intense x-ray beams [30].In this Letter we present a coherent control scheme that exploits the quantum properties of a single x-ray photon to generate nuclear polariton entanglement and a subangstromwavelength standing wave excitation pattern. The key for our setup is a special superposition of a simultaneously forwardand backward-propagating collective excitation in a nuclear sample. The system comprising a single x-ray photon resonantly propagating through a sample of 57 Fe Mössbauer nuclei forms a nuclear polariton [31][32][33][34]. We show how with the help of a normal incidence x-ray mirror [10], this polariton can be split in two entangled counterpropagating branches that share the same single photon. By actively distributing the single-photon wave packet in a controlled way, both the symmetric and the antisymmetric versions of polariton entanglement can be achieved. This leads to the creation of a standingwave nuclear excitation pattern with subangstrom-wavelength in the absence of any x-ray cavity or Bragg condition in the sample. In conjunction with phonon excitation, this standing wave can be used to dynamically probe the sample lattice using a single x-ray photon.The underlying p...

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Focusing of hard x-rays to 16 nanometers with a multilayer Laue lens

Cited by 204 publications

References 20 publications

Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture

Takagi-Taupin description of x-ray dynamical diffraction from diffractive optics with large numerical aperture

A combined Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror and multilayer lens for sub-10 nm x-ray focusing

Proposed Entanglement of X-ray Nuclear Polaritons as a Potential Method for Probing Matter at the Subatomic Scale

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