Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization

Davies, Collin D.; Crooks, Richard M.

doi:10.1039/d0sc01931c

Cited by 44 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…For example, Yan et al (2020), obtained more than 90% recovery for polystyrene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics extracted from human and chicken faeces with a density separation with ethyl alcohol and the use Fenton's reagent and nitric acid. Other methods such as the magnetic (Grbic et al, 2019), electrochemistry (Davies and Crooks, 2020) and oil extraction (Scopetani et al, 2020) seems to better separate certain plastic types from organic materials. All these methods have to be adapted to the matrix and plastic type analysed and require internal recovery tests to ensure the proper extraction of the plastic materials.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Plastic Extraction And Identification Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low density-microplastics detected in sheep faeces and soil: A case study from the intensive vegetable farming in Southeast Spain

Bériot¹,

Peek²,

Zornoza³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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One of the main sources of plastic pollution in agricultural fields is the plastic mulch used by farmers to improve crop production. The plastic mulch is often not removed completely from the fields after harvest. Over time, the plastic mulch that is left of the fields is broken down into smaller particles which are dispersed by the wind or runoff. In the Region of Murcia in Spain, plastic mulch is heavily used for intensive vegetable farming. After harvest, sheep are released into the fields to graze on the vegetable residues. The objective of the study was to assess the plastic contamination in agricultural soil in Spain and the ingestion of plastic by sheep. Therefore, three research questions were established: i) What is the plastic content in agricultural soils where plastic mulch is commonly used? ii) Do livestock ingest the microplastics found in the soil? iii) How much plastic could be transported by the livestock? To answer these questions, we sampled top soils (0&#8211;10&#160;cm) from 6 vegetable fields and collected sheep faeces from 5 different herds. The microplastic content was measured using density separation and visual identification. We found ~2&#160;&#215;&#160;103 particles&#8729;kg&#8722;1 in the soil and ~103 particles&#8729;kg&#8722;1 in the faeces. The data show that plastic particles were present in the soil and that livestock ingested them. After ingesting plastic from one field, the sheep can become a source of microplastic contamination as they graze on other farms or grasslands. The potential transport of microplastics due to a herd of 1000 sheep was estimated to be ~106 particles&#8729;ha&#8722;1&#8729;y&#8722;1. Further studies should focus on: assessing how much of the plastic found in faeces comes directly from plastic mulching, estimating the plastic degradation in the guts of sheep and understanding the potential effects of these plastic residues on the health of livestock.

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Section: Limitations Of the Plastic Extraction And Identification Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low density-microplastics detected in sheep faeces and soil: A case study from the intensive vegetable farming in Southeast Spain

Bériot¹,

Peek²,

Zornoza³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…[5][6][7][8][9][10] Their ability to modulate local electric fields lends them to the manipulation of cells and to the enrichment and separation of analytes. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] And finally, by virtue of the polar and often graded profile of the interfacial potential across BPEs, they provide a platform for synthesis of Janus particles, useful as sensors and as microswimmers, [18][19][20][21][22] and other materials with compositional gradients. 23,24 BPEs are particularly well-suited to analytical challenges that demand multiplexing or amenability to point-of-need (PON) application because even large arrays of BPEs can be controlled with simple equipment, yet yield quantitative information about a system.…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, they extended this work by introducing the concept of serial fICP. 17 Two BPEs are used in series and powered by a shared supply to facilitate fICP for the continuous focusing, sorting, and separation of microbeads with differing electrophoretic mobilities in a trifurcated microfluidic channel, shown in Figure 7a. The two BPEs are on opposite sides of the microchannel so that the first BPE focuses the charged species towards the second BPE, allowing the charged species to better interact with the electric field gradient generated at the second BPE, leading to higher efficiency separation.…”

Section: Electrokinetic Focusing Techniques Using Bpesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advancements in Bipolar Electrochemical Methods of Analysis

Rahn

Anand

2020

Anal. Chem.

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The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the advancements made in the field of bipolar electrochemistry over the past 2 years, with an emphasis on analysis. Bipolar electrodes (BPEs) are versatile, and in electroanalysis, they have been used extensively to screen electrocatalysts(1−4) and to sense biomarkers.(5−10) Their ability to modulate local electric fields lends them to the manipulation of cells and to the enrichment and separation of analytes.(11−17) Finally, by virtue of the polar and often graded profile of the interfacial potential across BPEs, they provide a platform for synthesis of Janus particles, useful as sensors and as microswimmers(18−22) and other materials with compositional gradients.(23,24) BPEs are particularly well-suited to analytical challenges that demand multiplexing or amenability to point-of-need (PON) application because even large arrays of BPEs can be controlled with simple equipment yet yield quantitative information about a system. In this review, we discuss recent progress in reactions that transduce current to a visible signal, sensing mechanisms, bipolar electrochemical cell design, integration of bipolar electrochemistry with spectroscopic techniques, BPEs at the nanoscale, and the application of BPEs to electrokinetics and materials preparation. Throughout the discussion, we identify promising trends, innovative directions, and remaining challenges in the field. Disciplines Disciplines Analytical Chemistry Comments Comments

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“…At the location within the IDZ where electromigration is equal and opposite to bulk convection, ions can be focused [8,16] or redirected [17][18][19] based on device design. This principle is illustrated in Scheme 1b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions

et al. 2020

Self Cite

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We report a new approach for forming ion depletion zones (IDZs) using intercalation reactions at an electrochemically controlled Prussian blue (PB) film. The experiments described here were performed using a microfluidic device, wherein a charged fluorophore in solution was used as a proxy to monitor IDZ formation. In the presence of K + , intercalation reactions proceed readily to form an IDZ, and thus enrich the fluorophore up to 37-fold. In the presence of the larger hydrated Li + or tetrabutylammonium (TBA +) ions, however, ion intercalation proceeded less quickly than with K +. Slower ion intercalation resulted in a weaker IDZ and correspondingly lower enrichment factors of eight-and six-fold, respectively. These results are significant because they show that PB intercalation reactions selectively form an IDZ. Accordingly, we anticipate that these findings will lead to a better understanding and further interesting applications of intercalation materials like PB for efficient and selective enrichment and separations.

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Focusing, sorting, and separating microplastics by serial faradaic ion concentration polarization

Abstract: Electric field gradients formed by electrochemical processes at bipolar electrodes continuously direct the flow of charged objects in microfluidic devices.

Cited by 44 publications

References 66 publications

Low density-microplastics detected in sheep faeces and soil: A case study from the intensive vegetable farming in Southeast Spain

Low density-microplastics detected in sheep faeces and soil: A case study from the intensive vegetable farming in Southeast Spain

Recent Advancements in Bipolar Electrochemical Methods of Analysis

Cation‐Specific Electrokinetic Separations Using Prussian Blue Intercalation Reactions

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