The value of fetal scalp sampling in reducing perinatal mortality, birth asphyxia and Caesarean section rate was assessed by a retrospective study of 2638 booked patients who were delivered in 1966. By using this technique it is possible that the perinatal mortality rate might be reduced from 15.9 to 15.2 per thousand, i.e., by 2 deaths per year. The incidence of birth asphyxia might be improved, but for this to be significant all patients would require repeated monitoring during labour, since about 40 per cent of asphyxiated babies showed no evidence of clinical fetal distress during labour. Since clinical fetal distress was the main reason for Caesarean section in only 18 booked patients, little experience would be gained in the technique of scalp blood sampling and the value of the results would be suspect, and it is likely that in less than half of these cases would operative delivery be prevented.