Foetal Cephalometry by Ultrasound

Willocks, James; Donald, Ian; Duggan, T.C.; Day, Nicholas E.

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1964.tb04236.x

Cited by 177 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…What we find in the cephalometric work of the mid1960s is a rationale based on concern for the process of pregnancy and, in particular, for that of fetal development.8 In 1964 it is suggested that the clinical importance of assessing fetal growth (by &dquo;repeated measurements&dquo;) derives from the fact that babies with low birth weights were frequently not born prematurely and that they nevertheless had a mortality rate 21/2 times the average. To plan obstetric care in such cases, it was not enough to predict when the fetus had reached maturity (as in planning induction); it was necessary to chart its growth and development continually &dquo;to demonstrate whether or not adequate fetal growth is taking place&dquo; (Willocks et al 1964). …”

Section: Cephalometry and The Monitoring Of Fetal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology, Science, and Obstetric Practice: The Origins and Transformation of Cephalopelvimetry

Hiddinga

Blume

1992

Science, Technology, & Human Values

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The process of technological change in obstetrics must be understood as contingent on the exigencies of the professional project, rather than in terms simply of improvement or dehumanization of care. Transformation in the procedures by which the female pelvis and the fetal head have been measured illustrate this point. The development of new measurement techniques was profoundly influenced by the shifting locus of obstetric care and by changing professional concerns, including the initial demarcation of a professional practice and subsequent debates about preferred modes of intervention .Prior to the seventeenth century, processes of pregnancy and childbirth were almost exclusively the concern of women. The major role in the delivery was played by the mother herself, assisted by a midwife, almost certainly a woman. In the course of the seventeenth century, the practice of midwifery began to be regulated in many European countries, and educational requirements were imposed. Teaching, largely in anatomy and examination of candidate-midwives were made the responsibility of university-educated doctors. Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the authority of (male) doctors in this traditionally female world grew. Doctors had the advantage of access to instruments with which they claimed they could bring difficult deliveries to successful conclusion. Midwives were often denied use of these instruments. Obstetrics was introduced into the university education of physicians, although normal deliveries remained the prime responsibility of midwives.Today pregnancy and delivery have largely become a matter for (mostly male) doctors, deploying a wide range of sophisticated technologies. Moreover, in modern obstetrics the fetus has become a patient in its own right -

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Section: Cephalometry and The Monitoring Of Fetal Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology, Science, and Obstetric Practice: The Origins and Transformation of Cephalopelvimetry

Hiddinga

Blume

1992

Science, Technology, & Human Values

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“…Willocks et al (1964) showed that there was a correlation between birth weight and the ultrasonic measurement of the biparietal diameter before birth, and others have used the technique for measuring fetal Free University of Brussels, Belgium P. FLAMME, M.D., Assistant, Obstetric and Gynaecological Clinic growth (Thompson et al, 1965). Also serial measurements of the growth rate of the biparietal diameter have shown it to be related to fetal maturity (Willocks et al, 1967).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonic Fetal Cephalometry: Percentiles Curve

Flamme¹

1972

BMJ

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“…At this time, the primary sonographic measurements of the fetal cranium are the biparietal diameter (BPD) and the transverse head circumference, which accounts for the fronto-occipital diameter (FOD). [2][3][4] Few consider the vertical cranial diameter (VCD), even though it is the most dynamic with molding.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Fetal Head

DuBose

2001

Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography

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The fetal head is three dimensional (3D). As 3D sonography becomes a clinical reality, there is a need to describe standard biometric parameters by which the head shape, proportions, and volumes may be measured and analyzed. This particular study presents measurements and methods that are applicable to newer 3D imaging systems. These measurements will provide consistent methods for evaluating the size, shape, and proportions of the fetal skull using orthogonal planes. In this research, three diameters of the fetal skull were measured and analyzed using standard real-time sonographic equipment. The biparietal diameter (BPD) measurements and the three diameters' averages (3D BPD) were compared using a t test of paired two-sample means; no significant difference was found (p = .497, r 2 = 0.996). The 3D BPD is equal to the normal BPD, that is, (FOD + BPD + VCD)/3 = BPD. The 3D BPD can be used in any regression or nomogram in place of the BPD to correct for head shape and molding.

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Foetal Cephalometry by Ultrasound

Cited by 177 publications

References 22 publications

Technology, Science, and Obstetric Practice: The Origins and Transformation of Cephalopelvimetry

Technology, Science, and Obstetric Practice: The Origins and Transformation of Cephalopelvimetry

Ultrasonic Fetal Cephalometry: Percentiles Curve

Three-Dimensional Fetal Head

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