Foil Strain Gauges Using Piezoresistive Carbon Nanotube Yarn: Fabrication and Calibration

Abstract

Carbon nanotube yarns are micron-scale fibers comprised by tens of thousands of carbon nanotubes in their cross section and exhibiting piezoresistive characteristics that can be tapped to sense strain. This paper presents the details of novel foil strain gauge sensor configurations comprising carbon nanotube yarn as the piezoresistive sensing element. The foil strain gauge sensors are designed using the results of parametric studies that maximize the sensitivity of the sensors to mechanical loading. The fabrication details of the strain gauge sensors that exhibit the highest sensitivity, based on the modeling results, are described including the materials and procedures used in the first prototypes. Details of the calibration of the foil strain gauge sensors are also provided and discussed in the context of their electromechanical characterization when bonded to metallic specimens. This characterization included studying their response under monotonic and cyclic mechanical loading. It was shown that these foil strain gauge sensors comprising carbon nanotube yarn are sensitive enough to capture strain and can replicate the loading and unloading cycles. It was also observed that the loading rate affects their piezoresistive response and that the gauge factors were all above one order of magnitude higher than those of typical metallic foil strain gauges. Based on these calibration results on the initial sensor configurations, new foil strain gauge configurations will be designed and fabricated, to increase the strain gauge factors even more.

Understanding the Mechanical and Conductive Properties of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Smart Electronics

“…Toward these applications, the fiber structure and mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties are of fundamental importance. For example, a strain sensor requires high stretchability and easy‐adjustable electrical conductivity for a CNT fiber, and for next‐generation integrated electronic devices and high‐power cables, a wire with high current‐carrying capacity and thermal conductivity is of great importance . Clearly, to improve the device performance and develop the new‐type fiber devices, it is necessary to review recent progresses on these fundamental properties.…”

Product Integration of Established Crash Sensors for Safety Applications in Lightweight Vehicles

“…Furthermore, strain gauges were distributed over FRP structures to monitor mechanical loads [7,17]. A sensor as a part of a fibre grid fabric was realized by e.g., glass fibres with an electrically conductive sizing of carbon nano tubes (CNT) [18], piezoelectric fibres of polyvinylidene fluoride [19], strain-sensitive carbon fibres [20] and CNT yarns [21,22].…”

Sensor Systems for FRP Lightweight Structures: Automotive Features Based on Serial Sensor Products

“…Comparable applications did the sensing by glass fibers with an electrically conductive sizing of carbon nano tubes (CNT) [19], piezoelectric fibers made from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [20], or strain-sensitive carbon fibers [21], and CNT yarns [22]. For another application foil strain gauges were developed, which consist of piezoresistive CNT yarn [23]. Fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) (e.g., [24,25]) and phase array ultrasonic sensors [24] were used as well.…”