Folate Deficiency Inhibits Development of the Mammary Gland and its Associated Lymphatics in FVB Mice

Abstract

Background Folate is essential for DNA synthesis, DNA repair, cell proliferation, development, and morphogenesis. Folic acid (FA) is a nutritional supplement used to fortify human diets. Objectives We investigated the effects of dietary FA on early mammary gland (MG) development and hyperplasia. Methods Study 1: nulliparous female FVB wild-type (WT) mice were fed control (Con; 2 mg FA/kg), deficient (Def; 0 mg FA/kg), excess (Ex; 5 mg FA/kg), or super excess (S-Ex; 20 mg FA/kg) diets for 8 wk before mating to WT or heterozygous FVB/N-Tg[mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat (MMTV)-polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyVT)]634Mul/J (MMTV-PyMT+/−) transgenic males. Dams were fed these diets until they weaned WT or MMTV-PyMT+/− pups, which were fed the dam's diet from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 42. Tissues were collected from female progeny at PNDs 1, 21, and 42. Study 2: Con or Def diets were fed to WT intact females and males from PND 21 to 56, or to ovariectomized females from PND 21 to 77; tissues were collected at PND 56 or 77. Growth of all offspring, development of MGs, MG hyperplasia, supramammary lymph nodes, thymus and spleen, cell proliferation, and expression of MG growth factors were measured. Results Study 1: Ex or S-Ex did not affect postnatal MG development or hyperplasia. The rate of isometric MG growth (PND 1–21) was reduced by 69% in Def female progeny (P < 0.0001). Similarly, hyperplastic growth in MGs of Def MMTV-PyMT+/− offspring was 18% of Con (P < 0.05). The Def diet reduced supramammary lymph node size by 20% (P < 0.0001) and increased MG insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA by 200% (P < 0.05) and protein by 130%–150% (P < 0.05). Study 2: the Def diet did not affect MG growth, but it did reduce supramammary lymph node size (P < 0.05), spleen weight (P < 0.001), and thymic medulla area (P < 0.05). Conclusions In utero and postnatal folate deficiency reduced the isometric development of the MGs and early MG hyperplasia. Postnatal folate deficiency reduced the development of lymphatic tissues.

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Role of Selenium and Vitamins E and B9 in the Alleviation of Bovine Mastitis during the Periparturient Period

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