Folate receptor targeted, rare-earth oxide nanocrystals for bi-modal fluorescence and magnetic imaging of cancer cells

Comparative cytotoxicity evaluation of lanthanide nanomaterials on mouse and human cell lines with metabolic and DNA-quantification assays

“…This may be inappropriate for mildly toxic nanomaterials that require a longer duration of cellular exposure for cytotoxic effects to become apparent. In particular, the data may be skewed by cell proliferation during the prolonged duration of exposure ͑i.e., 2 to 3 days͒ to these mildly toxic nanomaterials 15,17 if fast-growing immortalized cell lines are being utilized for these assays. Hence, this study compared two alternative formats of presenting cytotoxicity data in terms of proliferation index versus cell viability.…”

“…16 Nevertheless, there is a lack of study on the potential cytotoxicity of Gd 2 O 3 and Dy 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Because of the mildly toxic nature of Gd 2 O 3 and Dy 2 O 3 nanoparticles, currently used cytotoxicity assessment techniques 15,17 often employ a few days of exposure to these nanomaterials to a cell monolayer, prior to carrying out metabolism-based viability assays such as 3-͑4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-Yl͒-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide ͑MTT͒, 18 3-͑4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl͒-5-͑3-carboxymethoxyphenyl͒-2-͑4-sulfophenyl͒-2H-tetrazolium ͑MTS͒, 19 2-͑2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl͒-3-͑4-nitrophenyl͒-5-͑2,4-disulfophenyl͒-2H-tetrazolium͒ ͑WST-8͒, 20 and Alamar…”

Overview of the role of nanotechnological innovations in the detection and treatment of solid tumors

“…[24][25][26][27] However, the use of QDs has been restricted, as a consequence of toxicity from semiconductor QDs (particularly cadmium-based QDs) and inadequate in vivo and physical stability profiles, partly because of their hydrophobic nature. 24,26,29 Modifications of QDs have therefore been attempted in the form of surface coating and entrapping QDs in water-soluble nanoparticles and lipid micelles. 24 These methods have shown potential in increasing the stability of QDs, as well as improving the biocompatibility and biodistribution and reducing toxicity.…”

“…24,26,55,56 Folic acid, the ligand responsible for binding to this receptor, is a popular ligand, as it is small and nonimmunogenic, has a high affinity for the folic acid receptor, and is hardly problematic to procure. 29 Table 1 briefly outlines different nanosystem configurations that have been functionalized for targeting the folate receptor.…”

Radiolabelled Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer

“…117,118 FR-mediated tumor delivery of drugs, gene products, radionuclides and nanoparticles for imaging have been reported. [119][120][121] Folic acid, attached to polyethyleneglycol-derivatized, distearyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, was used to target in vitro liposomes to folate receptor (FR)-overexpressing tumor cells. Confocal fluorescence microscopic observations demonstrated binding and subsequent internalization of rhodamine-labeled liposomes by a high FR-expressing, murine lung carcinoma line (M109-HiFR cells), with inhibition by free folic acid.…”