Foliar injury and growth response of red spruce to sulfate and nitrate acidic mist

Jacobson, J.S.; Heller, L.; Yamada, Karen; Osmeloski, Joseph F.; Bethard, Twylene; Lassoie, James P.

doi:10.1139/x90-009

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Older (6-7-month-old) needles were more susceptible to injury from mist than current, elongating needles, as also found by Jacobson et al (19906), and bad niucb bigber sulphur levels after mist exposure tban new foliage. Tbese differences could be related to tbe smaller surface area of new needles exposed to mist or to cbanges in cuticular properties witb needle age.…”

Section: Effects Before Cold Acclimationsupporting

confidence: 55%

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Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

1992

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SUMMARYAcidic deposition may contribute to the decline of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in eastern North America; response to acidic mist may depend on mist content and plant nutrient status. We grew red spruce seedlings with high or low nitrogen fertilization to roots (other elements in constant proportion to N), exposed only shoots to pH 30, high sulphate (10:1, S:N) or high nitrate (1 :10, S:N) mist for 5 wk, then moved seedlings outdoors for cold acclimation. Effects of mist content were found until the third week of cold acclimation. Foliar necrosis was higher after exposure to sulphate than to nitrate mist and greater in older than new needles. Sulphate-misted seedlings had lower new-shoot biomass, shoot water content, and nitrate reductase activity, and higher foliar sulphur levels than nitrate-misted seedlings. They also had greater needle frost hardiness (estimated by electrolyte leakage) at the start of cold acclimation. Effects of fertilization were found throughout the experiment. High-N fertilization increased biomass, tissue N level, and shoot water content, and decreased foliar necrosis from mist. During cold acclimation, high-N seedlings had lower transpiration and photosynthetic rates and higher water use efficiency than low-N seedlings. High-N fertilization increased needle frost hardiness after 5 wk of acclimation and decreased visible needle injury after an outdoor frost. However, high-N seedlings had fewer needle primordia in terminal buds and more bud frost-damage than low-N seedlings. Fertilization, mist content, and their interaction strongly affected seedlings, showing that nutrient status can influence the response of red spruce to acidic deposition and frost.

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Section: Effects Before Cold Acclimationsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Each seedling (48 or 56 per treatment) was rated for percent of needles showing necrotic lesions (i.e. incidence of foliar injury) with the following scale: 0 = 0%, l=less than 10%, 2 = 10-25%, 3 = 25-50%, 4 = 50-75 %, 5 = 75-90%, 6 = more than 90%, and 7 = 100% (Jacobson et al, 19906). One observer perfornned all ratings.…”

Section: Visible Injury Ratingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

1992

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“…This study, coupled with previous work on acid mist exposures (Unsworth, 1984;Jacobson et al, 1990aJacobson et al, , b, 1992Sheppard et al, 19936), demonstrates the need for more emphasis to be placed on three specific areas of cloudwater exposure dy-namics: chemical composition of droplets on foliage at the end of cloud events, frequency of wet-dry cycles, and processes occurring during the drying of liquid on the foliage.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Exposure of red spruce seedlings to acid mist: importance of droplet composition just prior to drying periods

1995

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SUMMARYTwo-year-old red spruce {Picea riibens Sarg.), raised from seed collected at five locations from Maine to North Carolina, were exposed in a greenhouse to either sulphuric or nitric acid mist (median pH 2-85). Exposures were performed three times a day, four days a week over an eleven-week period during the growing season. Each exposure consisted of 4 h of misting followed by a 3-75 h drying period. Immediately before each drying period, acidic droplets were either left to dry directly on the foliage or were removed by a 15 min deionized water {diiv) rinse.When sulphuric acid droplets dried directly on the foliage, visible injury developed and to a lesser degree the same was true for nitric acid. When acidic droplets were replaced with diw before each drying period, foliar injury did not develop despite misting for hundreds of hours at pH values well within the range that has caused visible injury in previous experiments. When acidic droplets dried directly on foliage, needle dry weight was reduced, but differences between sulphuric and nitric aeid exposure were not found. No treatment effects were found on terminal shoot length. Treatment responses among seedlings from different seed resources were similar, with greater variation found within provenances than between provenances. We conclude that the composition of liquid on foliage at the end of wet deposition events and the processes occurring during drying periods are important factors in determining the response of red spruce to acidic cloudwater.

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“…We previously reported that acidic mist can cause injury and abscission of red spruce needles and can alter shoot growth and foliar nutrient content (Jacobson et al, 1989;Jacobson et al, 1990a). Treatment with 16-hour intermittent exposures to high sulfate acidic mist with variation of mist acidity from event to event produced foliar injury in red spruce seedlings at median pH values as high as 3.5 (Jacobson et al, 19906).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Phenology and cold tolerance ofPicea rubenssarg. Seedlings exposed to sulfuric and nitric acid mist

Jacobson

Heller

L’Hirondelle

et al. 1992

Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research

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Phenology and cold tolerance of Picea rubens Sarg. seedlings exposed to sulfuric and nitric acid mist. Accepted Dec. 8, 1991. Scand. J. For. Res. 7: 331-344, 1992 During the growing seasons of 1985-88, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings were exposed repeatedly in field chambers to sulfuric and/or nitric acid mist in the range of pH 2.5 to 4.5. Hydrogen ion, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations in mist were within the range found in cloudwater of the northeastern USA where high-elevation spruce forests are declining. After the period of exposures, seedlings remained outdoors and buds were sampled in the autumn to determine effects of mist treatments on the number of developing needle primordia. Current-year foliage was sampled from autumn to spring for measurement of cold tolerance by freeze-induced electrolyte leakage (FIEL) and buds were scored for degree of bud break in the early spring. In the 1985-87 experiments when 16-hour overnight mist events were continuous, there were few statistically significant effects of acidic mist on needle primodia development, foliar FIEL, and bud-break. However, in the 1988 experiment when 16-hour overnight mist events were intermittent rather than continuous and acidities fluctuated among events, sulfuric acid mist decreased the number of needle primordia in September and October relative to the other treatments. Acidity of mist increased FIEL in October. Sulfate and nitrate content of mist appeared to influence these effects of acidity on FIEL differently depending on level of cold tolerance and duration of time since the period of exposures to mist. Bud-break in May was not significantly affected by prior mist treatments. Responses to acidic mist were similar among provenances that were obtained from different locations in the northeastern USA, although provenances differed in phenological development and FIEL. Mist deposition to the soil medium was minimized or avoided in these experiments; therefore, we conclude that foliar FIEL of red spruce seedlings is vulnerable to effects of direct contact of acidic mist with foliage. To relate results of these controlled experiments to cloudwater and decline of red spruce trees in the northern Appalachian mountains, the following information is needed: the frequency of wet-dry cycles in the forest; fluctuations in acidity and sulfate and nitrate concentrations among and within cloudwater events; the specific patterns of temperature changes that lead to winter injury; and the relationship between FIEL and freezing damage to foliage for both seedlings and mature trees.

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Foliar injury and growth response of red spruce to sulfate and nitrate acidic mist

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

Acidic mist and nitrogen fertilization effects on growth, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange, and frost hardiness of red spruce seedlings

Exposure of red spruce seedlings to acid mist: importance of droplet composition just prior to drying periods

Phenology and cold tolerance ofPicea rubenssarg. Seedlings exposed to sulfuric and nitric acid mist

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