Foliar symptoms on norway spruce and relationships to magnesium deficiencies

Influence of atmospheric pollution on the morphological parameters of the assimilation apparatus of pine and spruce in the basin of the Northern Dvina

“…Development of needle chlorosis, especially of three year and older age groups, is associated with a deficiency of nutrients (Mg, K, Mn, Fe, Zn, P), as well as with high concentrations of Cu and Ni [1,[18][19][20][21][22][23]. Research results of pine needles according to signs of their damage (chlorosis and necrosis) and estimation of the intensity of this damage (in points on the scale [2]) in retrospect at different distances from the emis sion sources of the Arkhangelsk agglomeration (the lower reaches of the Northern Dvina River, the north ern taiga) are shown in Fig.…”

“…The increase in concentrations of heavy metals (Cu and Ni) leads to a slowdown of photosynthetic pro cesses [28,29], which is reflected in the morphometric indicators of coniferous trees [1,21,27,30]. In the area of the Kotlas industrial center (upper North Dvina River, middle taiga) on podzolic soils, there is a decrease in morphometric parameters of spruce undergrowth with increasing content of copper and cadmium (Fig.…”

“…It is revealed that the high content of heavy metals in the needles reduces the length and weight of needles [21,26,27]. The increase in concentrations of heavy metals (Cu and Ni) leads to a slowdown of photosynthetic pro cesses [28,29], which is reflected in the morphometric indicators of coniferous trees [1,21,27,30].…”

Major and Trace Elements in Spruce Needles from Urban Areas: Some Aspects of Analysis in Environmental Studies

“…In the first method, samples from individual trees of one location were analysed (see e.g. [18][19][20][24][25][26]). In the second procedure, one composite sample (characterizing one sampling site) was prepared by mixing of needles from each tree (as reported in [11,20,27]).…”