Follow-up results of a cognitive-behavioural treatment for chronic pain in a primary care setting

Chronic Pain and Self‐efficacy: The Effects of Age, Sex, and Chronicity

“…Brown and Nicassio 18 found that patients who used an active coping style (eg, doing leisure activities) experienced higher SE and lower levels of pain, depression, and functional impairment when compared to patients using a passive or negative coping style (eg, thinking that the pain was wearing them down). The inverse relationship between pain ratings and SE has been confirmed in patients with chronic arthritis, 19,20 neck, shoulder, and lower back pain, 21–23 reflex sympathetic dystrophy, neuropathy, fibromyalgia, 24 and headaches 25,26 . Similar results have been reported from factor analytic and multiple regression studies 17,24 …”

“…Early investigations of the relationship between chronic pain and chronicity suggested that pain ratings did not change dramatically with length of time from diagnosis 3–35 . More recent work with low back pain patients 28 reported higher pain ratings with longer chronicity.…”

On-site mental health workers delivering psychological therapy and psychosocial interventions to patients in primary care: effects on the professional practice of primary care providers

“…However, studies could be broadly categorised according to whether they involved professionals managing common mental health problems (for example anxiety and depression), which represented the bulk of the studies, and those involving professionals dealing with patients with more severe and enduring disorders (Bruce 1998;Hunter 1983;Wells 1992). Of the studies in common mental health problems, two dealt specifically with patients identified as high utilisers of medical care (Benson 1988;Sumathipala 2000) and two studies were conducted in patients with chronic illness (Basler 1990;Spurgeon 2007).…”

“…Concealment of allocation was adequate in 10 studies (Brouwers 2006;Corney 1984;Corney 2003;Harvey 1984;Kendrick 2005a;Kendrick 2005b;King 2000a;King 2000b;Richards 2003;Sumathipala 2000), unclear from the information provided in 12 studies (Boot 1994;Brodaty 1983;Catalan 1991;Earll 1982;Ginsberg 1984;Gournay 1995;Lambert 2007;Lave 1998;Mynors-Wallis 1997;Robson 1984;Stanton 1998;Teasdale 1984), and the allocation procedure was considered open to bias in three studies (Ashurst 1983;Benson 1988;Hemmings 1997). There were eight studies of direct e ects using a CBA design (Ashworth 2000;Basler 1990;Blakey 1986;Brantley 1986;Bruce 1998;Lyon 1993;Martin 1985;Spurgeon 2007). As noted above, details have been provided in the tables but these studies were not considered further in the text.…”

Attrition from a pain management programme

“…Among the less formal studies, Basler & Rehfisch (1990) observed that patients dropped out of their programme when they realized they were expected to have an active approach to pain management ; during interviews these patients,also said they felt less accepted within the patient group and less supported by their families. Gottlieb, Strite, Koller, Madorsky, Hockersmith, Kleeman & Wagner (1 977) related attrition to general dissatisfaction with treatment, and in particular to an inability to attribute increased pain following exercise to anything other than further injury.…”