Following basal stem rot in young oil palm plantings

Panchal, G. P.; Bridge, P. D.

doi:10.1007/s11046-004-4434-4

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Following stem expansion this initial infection would appear to have originated near the centre of the palm base. Panchal & Bridge (2005) using PCR primer GanET detected Ganoderma in frond base material (sampling at 0·25–1 cm depth) with 73% of detections from the most recently pruned fronds, as might be expected in view of the considerable number of aerial basidiospores. Seventy‐one percent of detections were from frond bases near ground level where palms were beginning to show BSR symptoms, with the remainder on upper frond bases.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Ganoderma boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations: evaluation of their possible role in stem rots of Elaeis guineensis

Rees

Flood

Hasan³

et al. 2011

Plant Pathology

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Basidiospores are implicated in the distribution and genetic diversity of Ganoderma boninense, cause of basal stem rot (BSR) and upper stem rot (USR) of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Measurement of aerial basidiospores within plantations in Sumatra showed continuous and high production over 24 h (range c. 2-11 000 spores m ) with maximum release during early evening. Basidiospores applied to cut surfaces of fronds, peduncles and stems germinated in situ. Equivalent, extensive wounds are created during plantation harvesting and management and represent potential sites for formation of infective heterokaryons following mating of haploid basidiospore germlings. Use of spore-sized micro-beads showed that basidiospores could be pulled up to 10 cm into severed xylem vessels, where they are relatively protected from dehydration, UV irradiation and competing microflora. Diversity of isolates from five locations on two plantations was assessed by RAMS fingerprinting. Isolates from within individual palms with USR were identical and represent single infections, but different USR infections had unique band patterns and revealed separate infections. Some BSR-affected trees contained more than one isolate, and thus had multiple infections. There was one example of adjacent BSR palms with the same isolate, indicating vegetative spread, but there were no identical genets from BSR infections and adjacent fallen palms. Isolate diversity was as great within a plantation as between plantations. It is evident that basidiospores play a major role in spread and genetic variability of G. boninense. Evidence for direct basidiospore infection via cut fronds, indirectly through roots via colonized debris and less frequently, infection by vegetative, clonal spread is considered.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

Ganoderma boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations: evaluation of their possible role in stem rots of Elaeis guineensis

Rees

Flood

Hasan³

et al. 2011

Plant Pathology

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“…Experimental controls for molecular techniques may need to consider this possibility and proving Koch's postulates will be made more difficult if true. Panchal and Bridge (2005) provide some interesting evidence for such a relationship where Ganoderma DNA was detected in asymptomatic OP.…”

Section: Ganoderma From the White Rot Perspectivementioning

confidence: 77%

“…Spore dispersal must be of crucial importance over root to root (Sanderson, 2005;personal communication). Abdullah (2000) mentions Ganoderma living as an endophyte in coconuts (see Panchal and Bridge (2005) for OP) and the study favours spread from independent secondary inocula. Their work does not support root to root spread (and)/or airborne spore spread.…”

Section: Ganoderma From the White Rot Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Ganoderma disease of oil palm—A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control

2007

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White rot fungi such as Ganoderma, are extraordinary organisms capable exclusively of degrading lignin to carbon dioxide and water: celluloses are then available as nutrients for the fungus. Oil palm (OP) is a highly significant crop in many countries and is prone to a rot caused by the fungus. It is necessary to consider this mode of attack as a white rot involving lignin biodegradation, for integrated control. The existing literature does not report this area and appears to be concerned particularly with the mode of spread and molecular biology of Ganoderma. The white rot perception opens up new fields such as (a) especially breeding/selecting for resistant cultivars of OP with high lignin content, (b) ensuring that the conditions for lignin decomposition are reduced, and (c) simply sealing damaged OP specifically to stop decay. It is likely that spread is by spores rather than roots. The knowledge gained can be employed in the rapid degradation of OP waste on the plantation floor by inoculating suitable fungi, and/or treating the waste more appropriately (e.g. chipping and spreading over the floor rather than windrowing). In conclusion, the control of Ganoderma on OP would benefit from further consideration of the process as one of white rot.

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“…Hemibiotrophy is a strategy deployed by certain ascomycetes, but to the authors’ knowledge is not well described for basidiomycetes with woody hosts, other than Moniliophthora perniciosa on Theobroma cacao (Gesteira et al ., 2007). Further suggestion that G. boninense might be capable of subtle invasion of hosts comes from Abdullah (2000) who described the fungus as an endophyte in coconuts and Panchal & Bridge (2005) who detected Ganoderma DNA in oil palms with no symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); mode of root infection and lower stem invasion by Ganoderma boninense

Rees

Flood

Hasan³

et al. 2009

Plant Pathology

125

105

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Reproducible infection of intact roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) with Ganoderma boninense, the cause of basal stem rot, showed penetration followed by rapid longitudinal progression of hyphae and colonization of the lower stem (bole). Light and transmission electron microscopy showed invasion of the root cortex, with no evidence of selective progression through the vascular system or lacunae. In newly colonized tissue the fungus behaved as a hemibiotroph, with numerous, wide, intracellular hyphae occupying entire host cells that possessed intact cell walls and contained discernible cytoplasm and organelles. In the bole this phase coincided with a complete depletion of previously abundant starch grains in advance of invasion. Subsequently, in the roots and colonized stem base, widespread necrotrophic, enzymatic attack of all layers of the host cell walls occurred. Hyphae were intra-and intercellular and intramural and associated host cell wall degradation was often at a distance from hyphae, resulting in cavities within cell walls. A third developmental stage was the formation of an extensive, melanized, tough mycelium or pseudo-sclerotium which surrounded roots and comprised many very thickwalled cells encasing more typical thin-walled hyphae. Macroscopic observation of and isolation from the bole of randomly felled, commercial palms provided confirmatory evidence that multiple infections originated in the roots before spreading into the base of long-established palms.

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Following basal stem rot in young oil palm plantings

Cited by 27 publications

References 12 publications

Ganoderma boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations: evaluation of their possible role in stem rots of Elaeis guineensis

Ganoderma boninense basidiospores in oil palm plantations: evaluation of their possible role in stem rots of Elaeis guineensis

Ganoderma disease of oil palm—A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control

Basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); mode of root infection and lower stem invasion by Ganoderma boninense

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