Food addiction comorbid to mental disorders in adolescents: a nationwide survey and register-based study

Horsager, Christina; Færk, Emil; Gearhardt, Ashley N.; Lauritsen, Marlene Briciet; Østergaard, Søren Dinesen

doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01212-6

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In summary, such biological embedding involves chronic disruption in a variety of interrelated neurodevelopmental pathways, including activation of the HPA axis, increased allostatic load, enhanced inflammation, altered reward sensitivity, consequential epigenetic changes, as well as profound structural and functional changes in the brain [303][304][305][306]. These pathways are in turn theorized to lead to EDs, food addiction, and SUDs, each of which have been linked to obesity and other related comorbidities [298,299,[307][308][309][310][311][312]. V. Social, emotional and cognitive impairment Traumatic sequelae as a result of maltreatment, including PTSD, involve impairments in the ability to process social, emotional and cognitive information [313][314][315][316][317][318][319][320].…”

Section: Social Conditions / Local Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span

Brewerton

2022

J Eat Disord

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Background Multiple published sources from around the world have confirmed an association between an array of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and other traumatic events with eating disorders (EDs) and related adverse outcomes, including higher morbidity and mortality. Methods In keeping with this Special Issue’s goals, this narrative review focuses on the ACEs pyramid and its purported mechanisms through which child maltreatment and other forms of violence toward human beings influence the health and well-being of individuals who develop EDs throughout the life span. Relevant literature on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is highlighted when applicable. Results At every level of the pyramid, it is shown that EDs interact with each of these proclaimed escalating mechanisms in a bidirectional manner that contributes to the predisposition, precipitation and perpetuation of EDs and related medical and psychiatric comorbidities, which then predispose to early death. The levels and their interactions that are discussed include the contribution of generational embodiment (genetics) and historical trauma (epigenetics), social conditions and local context, the ACEs and other traumas themselves, the resultant disrupted neurodevelopment, subsequent social, emotional and cognitive impairment, the adoption of health risk behaviors, and the development of disease, disability and social problems, all resulting in premature mortality by means of fatal complications and/or suicide. Conclusions The implications of these cascading, evolving, and intertwined perspectives have important implications for the assessment and treatment of EDs using trauma-informed care and trauma-focused integrated treatment approaches. This overview offers multiple opportunities at every level for the palliation and prevention of EDs and other associated trauma-related conditions, including PTSD.

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Section: Social Conditions / Local Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span

Brewerton

2022

J Eat Disord

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“…The onset of EDs is usually during adolescence, with the highest prevalence in girls, but EDs may be present in children as young as 5 to 12 years [27]. Recognition of EDs may help to prevent obesity or help weight loss in cases of sustained obesity [28]. Eating disorders may accompany childhood and adolescent obesity or may evolve after intensive interventions to treat obesity.…”

Section: Eating Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link

et al. 2021

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Obesity, eating disorders and unhealthy dieting practices among children and adolescents are alarming health concerns due to their high prevalence and adverse effects on physical and psychosocial health. We present the evidence that eating disorders and obesity can be managed or prevented using the same interventions in the pediatric age. In the presence of obesity in the pediatric age, disordered eating behaviors are highly prevalent, increasing the risk of developing eating disorders. The most frequently observed in subjects with obesity are bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorders, both of which are characterized by abnormal eating or weight-control behaviors. Various are the mechanisms overlying the interaction including environmental and individual ones, and different are the approaches to reduce the consequences. Evidence-based treatments for obesity and eating disorders in childhood include as first line approaches weight loss with nutritional management and lifestyle modification via behavioral psychotherapy, as well as treatment of psychiatric comorbidities if those are not a consequence of the eating disorder. Drugs and bariatric surgery need to be used in extreme cases. Future research is necessary for early detection of risk factors for prevention, more precise elucidation of the mechanisms that underpin these problems and, finally, in the cases requiring therapeutic intervention, to provide tailored and timely treatment. Collective efforts between the fields are crucial for reducing the factors of health disparity and improving public health.

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“…Beyond similar behavioural profiles, drug addiction, binge‐eating disorder and bulimia nervosa share similar brain profiles (Boswell et al, 2021; Serafine et al, 2021) as well as genetic risk factors (Munn‐Chernoff et al, 2020) and higher‐than‐expected comorbidities (e.g., the rates of drug addiction in patients with binge‐eating disorder [20%–40%] are higher than those in the general population [~10%]) (e.g., Udo & Grilo, 2018). Similarly, ‘food addiction’ as defined by the Yale Food Addiction Scale is characterized by addiction‐like compulsive eating but not necessary obesity and shares higher‐than‐expected comorbidities with binge‐eating disorder, bulimia nervosa and drug addiction (e.g., Horsager et al, 2021; Jiménez‐Murcia et al, 2019). These findings suggest common aetiologies for compulsive behaviours in drug addiction, eating disorders, obesity and putative ‘food addiction’.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Linking drug and food addiction via compulsive appetite

Laque

Wagner

Matzeu

et al. 2022

British J Pharmacology

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Background and Purpose ‘Food addiction’ is the subject of intense public and research interest. However, this nosology based on neurobehavioural similarities among obese individuals, patients with eating disorders and those with substance use disorders (drug addiction) remains controversial. We thus sought to determine which aspects of disordered eating are causally linked to preclinical models of drug addiction. We hypothesized that extensive drug histories, known to cause addiction‐like brain changes and drug motivation in rats, would also cause addiction‐like food motivation. Experimental Approach Rats underwent extensive cocaine, alcohol, caffeine or obesogenic diet histories and were subsequently tested for punishment‐resistant food self‐administration or ‘compulsive appetite’, as a measure of addiction‐like food motivation. Key Results Extensive cocaine and alcohol (but not caffeine) histories caused compulsive appetite that persisted long after the last drug exposure. Extensive obesogenic diet histories also caused compulsive appetite, although neither cocaine nor alcohol histories caused excess calorie intake and bodyweight during abstinence. Hence, compulsive appetite and obesity appear to be dissociable, with the former sharing common mechanisms with preclinical drug addiction models. Conclusion and Implications Compulsive appetite, as seen in subsets of obese individuals and patients with binge‐eating disorder and bulimia nervosa (eating disorders that do not necessarily result in obesity), appears to epitomize ‘food addiction’. Because different drug and obesogenic diet histories caused compulsive appetite, overlapping dysregulations in the reward circuits, which control drug and food motivation independently of energy homeostasis, may offer common therapeutic targets for treating addictive behaviours across drug addiction, eating disorders and obesity.

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Food addiction comorbid to mental disorders in adolescents: a nationwide survey and register-based study

Cited by 12 publications

References 72 publications

Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span

Mechanisms by which adverse childhood experiences, other traumas and PTSD influence the health and well-being of individuals with eating disorders throughout the life span

Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link

Linking drug and food addiction via compulsive appetite

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