Food Availability in Different Food Environments Surrounding Schools in a Vulnerable Urban Area of Santiago, Chile: Exploring Socioeconomic Determinants

Pinheiro, Anna Christina; Dourado, Daiana Aparecida Quintiliano Scarpelli; Flores, Jacqueline Araneda; Alvarez, Claudio; Suárez-Reyes, Mónica; Palacios, José Luis; Pizarro, Tito; Oliveira, Maria Rita Marques de

doi:10.3390/foods11070901

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This relationship was verified by evaluating the food environments in school aged children, in the southern area of Santiago, Chile. Schools located in areas with a higher community vulnerability index presented a lower offer of healthier foods 100 m around these establishments (Pinheiro et al, 2022). These results highlight the strong influence of the socioeconomic determinants of food insecurity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Food insecurity and its determinants in a vulnerable area of Santiago, Chile

Pinheiro¹,

Dourado²,

Araneda³

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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This study aims to identify the determinants associated to food insecurity in a group of households composed of schoolchildren and their mothers/caregivers, who lived in a low-to-medium community development index area of the city of Santiago, Chile with a high presence of migrant population. The non-probabilistic and convenience sample was made up of 646 people, who answered a series of surveys with the aim of characterizing this group in sociodemographic terms (sex, age, number of inhabitants in the household, place of food purchase, conditional or non-conditional state transfer program beneficiary status, persons in charge of purchasing food for the household, mothers/caregivers education level and basic knowledge of food and nutrition). To assess moderate-to-severe food insecurity and severe food insecurity, the Food Insecurity Experience Scale-FIES was applied between September and October 2021. Logistic regression analysis were used to carry out multivariate analyses, with the use of stepwise back-and-forward strategies for the selected variables and defining p < 0.05. These models were adjusted per number of inhabitants in the household. The results indicate that 25.4% of households presented moderate-to-severe food insecurity, and 6.4% severe food insecurity experience. The variables that presented significant odds of risk to food insecurity were being a migrant, low maternal education level, low performance on basic knowledge in nutrition and when the father was responsible for food purchases. Several public policies have been implemented in Chile during the most recent decades aimed at increasing access to healthier foods and the implementation of healthier food environments. Despite this, there are still social and economic health determinants that contribute to the risk of odds insecurity for the most vulnerable groups in the country, thus putting at risk the fulfillment of the human right to adequate food at risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Food insecurity and its determinants in a vulnerable area of Santiago, Chile

Pinheiro¹,

Dourado²,

Araneda³

et al. 2022

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…Similar to the 2016 results [ 23 ], secondary schools were more likely to report facing barriers than primary schools, with resistance from students and parents/whānau among the top three barriers commonly faced. Low- and mid-advantage schools in Hawke’s Bay were also likely to report their efforts being hampered by surrounding unhealthy food outlets, which is analogous to NZ and international research [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Despite this, a number of primary and secondary schools allow students to leave grounds during the school day.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culture of Healthy Eating and Food Environments, Policies, and Practices in Regional New Zealand Schools

Chote

McKelvie-Sebileau

Swinburn

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The school food environment plays an important role in shaping students’ dietary choices, which often influence future dietary behaviours. We surveyed primary and secondary schools in Hawke’s Bay, New Zealand, to measure the comprehensiveness and strength of food policies, describe the culture of food provision, and identify barriers to improving school food environments. Fifty-one schools were included in the final analysis, with 58.8% having a food policy, most of which used a generic template. Schools with food policies and those participating in the free and healthy lunch programme were more likely to have a strong culture around healthy eating. Common barriers to healthy eating were food outlets near school and resistance from students. Secondary schools reported facing more barriers to implementing healthy eating cultures, were more likely to use food as classroom rewards and to sell food to students, most of which was unhealthy. Hawke’s Bay schools participating in food provision programmes are successfully improving their food environments through improved culture and delivery of healthy food; however, more action is needed to strengthen the wording and guidance in food policies and reduce the provision of unhealthy food in schools before effective change can be achieved.

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“…They classified the formal and informal food points of purchase found inside and 100 m around the schools. When relating the point of purchase classification to determine territorial sociodemographic characteristics, it was possible to demonstrate that territories with higher multidimensional poverty showed lower healthier food availability in the school environment [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), and the places where food is sold (exposure to supermarkets, markets, convenience stores, etc.) have been used to examine the distance and density of food points of purchase [ 10 , 11 ]. Another way to measure food environments is through the perception of individuals regarding the availability of healthy and unhealthy foods in their environment, culture, and food preferences [ 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Validation of a Set of Instruments to Measure Food Environments

Araneda

Moresco

Quezada-Figueroa

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: There is worldwide interest in measuring local food environments (FEs). The aim of this study was to develop and validate a set of instruments to evaluate FEs in Chile. Methods: Based on the development and validation of four instruments to measure FEs, a literature review, an evaluation by experts, and the implementation of a pilot tool in the FEs of schoolchildren from nine public schools in the commune of Chillán, Chile, were used. Results: A tool to evaluate FEs was provided, based on three dimensions: availability, variety, and advertising of healthy foods. A total of 1928 foods points of purchase were evaluated. The reliability was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha. Some 74% of the foods’ points of purchase were store locations. The reliability of the four instruments was high to acceptable (store: 0.90; institution: 0.77; street food: 0.74; restaurant: 0.68). Unhealthy foods were highlighted by the scores obtained: store (6.08 ± 4.07; range: 0–13), restaurant (3.95 ± 1.75; range: 0–10), street food (1.18 ± 1.56; range: 0–7), and institution FEs (3.38 ± 2.78; range: 0–9). Conclusions: The results of this tool can provide information to governments for incorporating structural measures to ensure adequate availability, variety, and advertising of healthy foods in different FEs.

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Food Availability in Different Food Environments Surrounding Schools in a Vulnerable Urban Area of Santiago, Chile: Exploring Socioeconomic Determinants

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Food insecurity and its determinants in a vulnerable area of Santiago, Chile

Food insecurity and its determinants in a vulnerable area of Santiago, Chile

Culture of Healthy Eating and Food Environments, Policies, and Practices in Regional New Zealand Schools

Development and Validation of a Set of Instruments to Measure Food Environments

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