Food-collecting and waste-rejecting mechanisms in <i>Glottidia pyramidata</i> and the persistence of lingulacean inarticulate brachiopods in the fossil record

Gilmour, T. H. J.

doi:10.1139/z81-209

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…27C) and Laqueus californianus (Gilmour 1978). Gilmour (1981) described the structure of the tentacles Note the lack of frontal cilia. The lateral 'pump' cilia on the 8 tentacles provide the power drawing the water (arrows) through the crown.…”

Section: Phoronids and Brachiopodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Captured particles are transported down the grooves in water currents generated by the frontal cilia and the 'immobile' laterofrontal cilia are surrounded by rings of microvilli and have long rootlets extending deeply into the cytoplasm. The laterofrontal cells make synapse with the nervous system, and therefore Gilmour (1981) suggested that the stiff laterofrontal cilia may serve as sensory detectors of particles. More recently, Strathmann (2005) observed that larvae of G. pyramidata retain food particles on the frontal side of the tentacles by means of a sieve composed of a row of stationary laterofrontal cilia.…”

Section: Phoronids and Brachiopodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Riisgård¹,

Larsen²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

213

179

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A large number of suspension-feeding aquatic animals (e.g. bivalves, polychaetes, ascidians, bryozoans, crustaceans, sponges, echinoderms, cnidarians) have specialized in grazing on not only the 2 to 200 µm phytoplankton but frequently also the 0.5 to 2 µm free-living bacteria, or they have specialized in capturing larger prey, e.g. zooplankton organisms. We review the different particle capture mechanisms in order to illustrate the many solutions to the common problem of obtaining nourishment from a dilute suspension of microscopic food particles. Despite the many differences in morphology and living conditions, particle capture mechanisms may be divided into 2 main types. (1) Filtering or sieving (e.g. through mucus nets, stiff cilia, filter setae), which is found in passive suspension feeders that rely on external currents to bring suspended particles to the filter, and in active suspension feeders that themselves produce a feeding flow by a variety of pump systems. Here the inventiveness of nature does not lie in the capture mechanism but in the type of pump system and filter pore-size. (2) A paddle-like flow manipulating system (e.g. cilia, cirri, tentacles, hair-bearing appendages) that acts to redirect an approaching suspended particle, often along with a surrounding 'fluid parcel', to a strategic location for arrest or further transport. Examples include (1) sieving (e.g. by microvilli in sponge choanocytes, mucus nets in polychaetes, acidians, and salps among others), filter setae in crustaceans, 'ciliary sieving' by stiff laterofrontal cilia in bryozoans and phoronids; and (2) 'cirri trapping' in mussels and other bivalves with eu-laterofrontal cirri, ciliary 'catch-up' in bivalve and gastropod veliger larvae, some polychaetes, entroprocts, and cycliophores. These capture mechanisms may involve contact with a particle, and possibly mechanoreception or chemoreception, or may include redirection of particles by the interaction of multiple currents (e.g. in scallops and other bivalves without eu-laterofrontal cirri). Based on the review, we discuss the current physical and biological understanding of the capture process and suggest a number of specific problems related to particle capture, which may be solved in the future using advanced theoretical, computational and experimental techniques.

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Section: Phoronids and Brachiopodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Phoronids and Brachiopodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Riisgård¹,

Larsen²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

213

179

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“…The present description of the catch-up principle further substantiates the hypothesis proposed by Strathmann and Leise (1979), who found that suspended particles are concentrated when they are ''overtaken'' by cilia in their effective stroke and ''pushed faster than the water.'' Ciliary upstream-collecting animals possess ciliary bands that divert suspended food particles from the main water current and concentrate them on the upstream side of the band (Bullivant 1968a;Strathmann 1971Strathmann , 1973Strathmann and Bonar 1976;Gilmour 1979Gilmour , 1982Gilmour , 1985Nielsen 1987Hart 1990Hart , 1991Hart and Strathmann 1994; for review, see Nielsen and Riisgård 1998). The capture mechanism is correlated with the presence of a single band of cilia, which appears to be responsible for both the water transport and particle retention.…”

Section: Capture Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Suspension feeding by planktonic larvae of echinoderms has been described by several workers (Strathmann 1971(Strathmann , 1975Strathman et al 1972;Gilmour 1985Gilmour , 1986Gilmour , 1988aHart 1991). Early workers offered divergent opinion about the mechanism by which these larvae capture suspended food particles from the seawater, but apparently many of the conflicting descriptions were resolved by Strathmann (1971), Strathmann et al (1972), andHart (1991).…”

Section: Capture Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minireview: Ciliary filter feeding and bio‐fluid mechanics—present understanding and unsolved problems

Riisgård¹,

Larsen

2001

Limnology & Oceanography

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The energy cost for various ciliary filter feeders shows that useful pump work constitutes 0.3-1.1% of the total metabolic expenditure. The 'water processing potential' (liters of water pumped per milliliter O 2 consumed by the animal) is a useful tool for characterizing filter feeding and adaptation to the environment. The six types of ciliarycapture mechanisms (collar sieving, cirral trapping, ciliary sieving, ciliary downstream collecting, ciliary upstream collecting, mucus-net sieving) are reviewed as well as the aerosol/hydrosol filtration theory. A brief overview of fluid mechanical principles and tools for studying ciliary functions is given.Filter feeding (or suspension feeding) is widely represented among invertebrate taxa, and cilia-mediated feeding is particularly common in the marine environment. Ciliary filter feeders remove suspended food particles, mainly phytoplankton (2-200 m), but in many cases also free-living bacteria (0.2-2 m), from the water (Jørgensen 1966(Jørgensen , 1975Wotton 1994;Silverman et al. 1995Silverman et al. , 1997 Riisgård andLarsen 1995, 2001;Gili and Coma 1998). These animals have adapted to life in a nutritionally dilute environment, and they show great variations in particle capture mechanisms and pump design (Foster-Smith

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“…The tentacles of both larvae and adults are ciliated and form an upstream collecting system. Atkins (1958), Storch & Welsch (1976 and Reed & Cloney (1977) stated that there is one cilium per cell in all the ciliary tracts, while Gilmour (1978Gilmour ( , 1981 reported that the lateral and frontal cells of Laqueus and Glottidia are multiciliate. My transmission electron micrographs of tangential sections of tentacles of Crania, Discinisca, Lingula and Terebratulina clearly show that all cells are monociliate.…”

Section: Brachia Tamentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal phylogeny in the light of the trochaea theory

Nielsen¹

1985

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

128

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Ultrastructural similarities unite Choanoflagellata and Metazoa as the Kingdom Animalia.Metazoa (Porifera + Placozoa + Gastraeozoa) are characterized by the presence of collagen, septate/tight junctions and spermatozoa. Porifera and Placozoa lack basal lamina, nerve cells and synapses, which characterize Gastraeozoa (Cnidaria + Trochaeozoa). Cnidaria have cnidoblasts and lack the multiciliate cells found in almost all Trochaeozoa (Gastroneuralia + Protornaeozoa). Gastroneuralia (Spiralia + Aschelminthes) have an apical brain and a pair of ventral nerves, a blastopore which becomes mouth and anus, a mouth surrounded by a downstream collecting system of compound cilia, and a mesoderm formed from the blastopore lips. Spiralia (Articulata + Parenchymia + Bryozoa) have spiral cleavage and 4d-cell mesoderm, whereas these characters are lacking in Aschelminthes, which all lack primary larvae. Protornaeozoa (Ctenophora + Notoneuralia) have mesoderm from vegetal cells. Ctenophores have colloblasts. Notoneuralia have a dorsal nervous system behind the apical area and form a new mouth surrounded by an upstream collecting system of single cilia on monociliate cells; the blastopore becomes the anus surrounded by a ring of compound cilia.These features fit the trochaea theory, which proposes that Gastroneuralia and Notoneuralia evolved independently from the trochaea, a blastaea with the blastopore surrounded by a ring of rompound cilia, which were both locomotory and particle collecting.

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Food-collecting and waste-rejecting mechanisms in Glottidia pyramidata and the persistence of lingulacean inarticulate brachiopods in the fossil record

Cited by 39 publications

References 7 publications

Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Minireview: Ciliary filter feeding and bio‐fluid mechanics—present understanding and unsolved problems

Animal phylogeny in the light of the trochaea theory

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