Food Consumption Pattern and the Intake of Sugar, Salt, and Fat in the South Jakarta City—Indonesia

Abstract

The excessive consumption of sugar, salt, and fat is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. Therefore, a study on estimating the added sugar, salt, and fat intake in certain populations is important for establishing specific recommendations aiming at improving diet quality, and thus public health. This study aimed to determine the food consumption pattern and the intakes of added sugar, salt, and fat from different food groups and food sources among the residents of South Jakarta, Indonesia. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional design, involving 323 respondents. Data on socio-economic conditions, health and nutritional status, and food consumption were collected. Food consumption data were acquired through the 2-day weighed food record. Results showed that the daily food consumption in the observed population reached 1868–2334 g/capita/day. The total added sugar intake in different groups of respondents ranged between 34.9 and 45.9 g/capita/day, with the highest values observed in school-age boys. Beverages and snacks were identified as the main added sugar sources in the respondents’ diet. The total salt intake ranged from 5.46 to 7.43 g/capita/day, while the observed fat intake reached 49.0–65.1 g/capita/day. The major food source contributing to the salt and fat intake included street/restaurant/fast food. Male subjects tended to consume a higher amount of salt and fat than female subjects. These findings can be used as baseline information for providing a strategy for reducing sugar, salt, and fat intakes, with strong implications for improving public health.

Investigating oral and systemic pathways between unhealthy and healthy dietary patterns to periodontitis in adolescents: A population‐based study

“…Healthy diet was a latent variable deduced from the correlations between the following observed variables: fruits and vegetables, fibre, and dairy products (World Health Organization, n.d.). The primary sources of sugars, saturated fats, and salt in the adolescents' diet were derived from fast foods such as hot dogs, hamburgers, and pizza, and manufactured products such as sugar‐sweetened beverages, cookies, and potato chips (Reedy & Krebs‐Smith, 2010; Johnson et al, 2017; Andarwulan et al, 2021). Unhealthy diet was a latent variable deduced from the correlations between added sugar consumption, salty foods, snacks, and fast food (Reedy & Krebs‐Smith, 2010; Johnson et al, 2017; Andarwulan et al, 2021).…”

“…Healthy diet was a latent variable deduced from the correlations between the following observed variables: fruits and vegetables, fibre, Johnson et al, 2017;Andarwulan et al, 2021).…”

“…A healthy diet encompasses fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and whole grains (WHO), while an unhealthy diet includes a diet rich in sugar, fat, and salt (especially from fast foods such as hot dogs, hamburgers, and pizza) and manufactured products such as sugar‐sweetened beverages, cookies, and potato chips (Reedy & Krebs‐Smith, 2010; Johnson et al, 2017; Andarwulan et al, 2021). The consumption of foods rich in saturated fats (Iwasaki et al, 2011) and added sugars has been associated with periodontitis (Lula et al, 2014; Menezes et al, 2019; Moreira et al, 2021).…”

Analysis of fat, fatty acid profile, and salt content of Iranian restaurant foods during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis

“…The findings of a study about food consumption patterns and the intake of fat and salt in Indonesia (2021) showed that the major food source contributing to the salt and fat intake included RFs (Andarwulan et al., 2021 ). To avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat intake should not exceed 30% of total energy intake (FAO & WHO, 2008 ; Hooper et al, 2015 ).…”

Infarct Stroke and Blood Glucose Associated with Food Consumption in Indonesia

“…Total salt intake ranged from 5.46 to 7.43 g/capita/day, while fat intake reached 49.0-65.1 g/capita/day. One of the main food sources that contribute to salt and fat intake is street food and fast-food restaurants [44]. Infarct Stroke and Blood Glucose Associated with Food Consumption in Indonesia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101548…”