Food fraud vulnerability and its key factors

Ruth, Saskia M. van; Huisman, Wim; Luning, Pieternel A.

doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2017.06.017

Cited by 182 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Table B.2). This is largely consistent with the findings of scholars who analyzed the vulnerability of various supply chains to food fraud, highlighting the key factors in terms of opportunities, motivations, and control measures (van Ruth et al, 2017(van Ruth et al, , 2018. For instance, van Ruth, Luning, Silvis, Yang, and Huisman (2018) found that the top food fraud factors for the olive oil industry are mostly related to the raw materials.…”

Section: The Impact Of Agri-food Fraud On the Italian Economysupporting

confidence: 85%

Assessing the economy‐wide impact of food fraud: A SAM‐based counterfactual approach

et al. 2020

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This paper proposes a social accounting matrix (SAM)‐based, counterfactual approach to assess the economy‐wide impact of food fraud in a given country and applies it to the Italian economy. The empirical application uses primary data collected by the authority in charge of the monitoring and repression of fraud in food value chains between the years 2007 and 2015. This is a unique dataset to analyze the issue, although it includes only data on food fraud within the country. The results of the SAM simulations show that the share of economy directly and indirectly linked to the supply of irregular food products accounts for 0.5% of the total value of output and is able to activate up to 156 thousand labor units. The net impact of food fraud on output and employment in the whole economy is negative, with losses averaging up to 1.8 billion euros of output and of 20,000 jobs per year, with a relative impact significantly larger in agriculture than in the food industry. These figures reveal an intrinsic fragility of the agri‐food system, especially in those subsectors featuring relatively large price elasticities such as quality products (e.g., wine, olive oil, cheese). The overall conclusion is that food fraud is not only a source of unfair competition to regular production activities but also has an overall contractionary impact on the whole economy due to its directly unproductive rent‐seeking nature. [EconLit classifications: C67, L66, Q13].

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Section: The Impact Of Agri-food Fraud On the Italian Economysupporting

confidence: 85%

Assessing the economy‐wide impact of food fraud: A SAM‐based counterfactual approach

et al. 2020

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“…[4] Food fraud exists whenever individuals or businesses intentionally deceive consumers and harm their trust, gaining an unfair advantage, and violating the agri-food chain legislation. [6] Moreover, food fraud may also constitute a risk to human, animal, or plant health. [6] Moreover, food fraud may also constitute a risk to human, animal, or plant health.…”

Section: Food Fraud and Its Definition In The Legal Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following example will illustrate this aspect: If dried oregano, a very popular culinary herb, is mixed with up to 30% leaves from olive or myrtle trees, this may initially sound negligible: The small 13gram supermarket box containing dried oregano costs about 1.80 s, and the material damage (0.54 s) seems to be an amount of money that can easily be coped with by many consumers. [6] The longer and the more global the chain, the likelier the opportunity for fraud, i.e., that the chain's integrity might suffer by a fraudulent intervention. Based on the fact that the EU market for herbs and spices amounts to over 500 000 tons with a value of 1.8 billion s, [8] the business consultant group PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates that food fraud with its 52 billion US$ worth globally each year easily outflanks the illegal trade in firearms and heroin (with 8.5 billion and 30 billion US$ a year, respectively).…”

Section: Food Fraud and Its Definition In The Legal Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[6] According to a statistical analysis of reported food fraud incidents by Moore et al [11] and a report to the European Parliament in 2013, [12] the Top Ten of foods with the highest risk of fraud at the present time are olive oil, fish, organic food, milk, grain/cereals, honey, coffee and tea, spices (saffron, chili), wine, and fruit juices. [6] According to a statistical analysis of reported food fraud incidents by Moore et al [11] and a report to the European Parliament in 2013, [12] the Top Ten of foods with the highest risk of fraud at the present time are olive oil, fish, organic food, milk, grain/cereals, honey, coffee and tea, spices (saffron, chili), wine, and fruit juices.…”

Section: Food Fraud and Its Definition In The Legal Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Setup of the National Reference Centre for Authentic Food (NRZ‐Authent) in Germany

Kulling

Bunzel

Frommherz

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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The present report addresses the challenges in the fight against food fraud, discusses the definition of food fraud as a legal concept, the point in time at which policy makers in Europe became aware of food fraud, i.e., the horsemeat scandal in 2013, and the policy responses of the EU as well as Germany to that scandal. Moreover, the establishment, structure, and objectives of the recently established National Reference Centre for Authentic Food (NRZ‐Authent) in Germany are described. Practical Applications: The suggested structure of the German National Centre for Authentic Food (NRZ‐Authent) can be used as a blueprint when wanting to build up European Union centers for the authenticity and integrity of the agri‐food chain in the member states. Locations of the Max Rubner‐Institut across Germany and focus of food authenticity research at the different locations. The National Reference Centre for Authentic Food (NRZ‐Authent) headquarters are located in the city of Kulmbach.

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“…Although, at present, the control of risks of food fraud during the supply chain constitutes a great investment, addressing and preventing these risks helps economic growth, the movement of food through supply chains, and the confidence of the consumer (Van Ruth, Huisman, & Luning, 2017;Velásquez, Cruz-Tirado, Siche, & Quevedo, 2017). On the other hand, the risk control and management approach must be communicated to the consumer, because that improves their confidence in the product (De Jonge et al, 2004), which is necessary since the food fraud scandals in recent years have reduced that confidence.…”

Section: Introduction: Authentication Of Herbs and Spicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nontargeted Analytical Methods as a Powerful Tool for the Authentication of Spices and Herbs: A Review

Oliveira

Cruz-Tirado

Barbin

2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

110

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Food fraud in herbs and spices is an important topic, which has led to new technologies being studied as potential tools for fraud identification. Nontargeted technologies have proven to be a useful tool for the authentication of herbs and spices. The present review focuses on the use of near‐infrared, hyperspectral imaging, Fourier‐transform infrared, Raman, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy for the authentication of spices, which includes the determination of origin and irradiated spices and the identification of adulterants. The methods developed based on vibrational spectroscopy combined with chemometric techniques seem to be promising tools for determining the presence of adulterants and contaminants in herbs and spices. On the other hand, nuclear magnetic resonance seems to be the most efficient technology to determine the origin of herbs and spices although, for some cases, studies with near‐infrared spectroscopy can be a viable substitute. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy is the technique par excellence used for the authentication of irradiated herbs and spices, so its use should be expanded to many more spices’ varieties. Portable devices are preferred by those involved in the food industry, due to its manageability and low cost. Data fusion and big data are shown as promising tools for spice fraud control. In conclusion, spectroscopic techniques show a great efficiency to authenticate spices, although their evaluation must be expanded to other spice varieties, to new strategies of data analysis (as data fusion and big data), and to the use of portable devices.

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Food fraud vulnerability and its key factors

Cited by 182 publications

References 26 publications

Assessing the economy‐wide impact of food fraud: A SAM‐based counterfactual approach

Assessing the economy‐wide impact of food fraud: A SAM‐based counterfactual approach

The Setup of the National Reference Centre for Authentic Food (NRZ‐Authent) in Germany

Nontargeted Analytical Methods as a Powerful Tool for the Authentication of Spices and Herbs: A Review

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