Food Habits of Canadians: Reduction in Fat Intake Over a Generation

Gray‐Donald, Katherine; Jacobs-Starkey, Linda; Johnson‐Down, Louise

doi:10.1007/bf03404812

Cited by 108 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…or increased dietary energy intake, or a combination of both factors. In Canada, it seems there has been a reduction in dietary energy and fat intake over the last 30 years (32). It was also reported that physical inactivity in leisure time has also decreased over the last 20 years (33).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective

Katzmarzyk

2002

Obesity Research

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

KATZMARZYK, PETER T. The Canadian obesity epidemic: an historical perspective. Obes Res. 2002;10: 666 -674. Objective: To examine temporal trends in stature, body mass, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Canada. Research Methods and Procedures: Data for adults 20 to 64 years of age were compared across eight Canadian surveys conducted between 1953 and 1998. Temporal trends in stature and body mass were examined using regression, and changes in weight-for-height were expressed as changes from 1953. BMI data were available from 1970 to 1972 to examine changes in overweight and obesity. Qualitative changes in the BMI distribution were examined using Tukey mean-difference plots. Results: Significant temporal trends in stature and body mass have occurred since 1953 in Canada. Median stature increased 1.4 cm/decade in men and 1.1 cm/decade in women, whereas median body mass increased 1.9 kg/decade in men and 0.8 kg/decade in women. Increases in the 75th percentile of body mass were larger than the median. The average weight-for-height increased 5.1% in men and 4.9% in women from 1953. Furthermore, the prevalences of overweight and obesity have increased from 40.0% and 9.7% in 1970 -1972 to 50.7% and 14.9% in 1998, respectively. The entire BMI distribution has shifted to the right since 1970 -1972 and has become more skewed to the right for men than for women. Discussion: There have been significant increases in stature and body mass in Canada over the last 45 years. Body mass has increased more than stature, particularly in the upper percentiles, which has resulted in the currently observed high prevalences of overweight and obesity.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective

Katzmarzyk

2002

Obesity Research

105

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The specific impact of PUFAs on gut health are less clear, however consumption of high-fat diets [7] and specifically diets high in ω-6 PUFA [8] are risk factors for IBD in humans. Although linoleic acid (18∶2ω-6) is considered an essential nutrient, and required at 0.5–2% of total calories for proper development [9], North Americans currently consume between 5–10% dietary energy from ω-6 PUFA [10]. This is due to increased intake of ω-6 PUFA-rich oils such as sunflower, safflower and corn, as well as consumption of farm animals raised on oil seeds rich in ω-6 PUFA [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish Oil Attenuates Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Induced Dysbiosis and Infectious Colitis but Impairs LPS Dephosphorylation Activity Causing Sepsis

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Clinically, excessive ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and inadequate ω-3 PUFA have been associated with enhanced risks for developing ulcerative colitis. In rodent models, ω-3 PUFAs have been shown to either attenuate or exacerbate colitis in different studies. We hypothesized that a high ω-6: ω-3 PUFA ratio would increase colitis susceptibility through the microbe-immunity nexus. To address this, we fed post-weaned mice diets rich in ω-6 PUFA (corn oil) and diets supplemented with ω-3 PUFA (corn oil+fish oil) for 5 weeks. We evaluated the intestinal microbiota, induced colitis with Citrobacter rodentium and followed disease progression. We found that ω-6 PUFA enriched the microbiota with Enterobacteriaceae, Segmented Filamentous Bacteria and Clostridia spp., all known to induce inflammation. During infection-induced colitis, ω-6 PUFA fed mice had exacerbated intestinal damage, immune cell infiltration, prostaglandin E2 expression and C. rodentium translocation across the intestinal mucosae. Addition of ω-3 PUFA on a high ω-6 PUFA diet, reversed inflammatory-inducing microbial blooms and enriched beneficial microbes like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, reduced immune cell infiltration and impaired cytokine/chemokine induction during infection. While, ω-3 PUFA supplementation protected against severe colitis, these mice suffered greater mortality associated with sepsis-related serum factors such as LPS binding protein, IL-15 and TNF-α. These mice also demonstrated decreased expression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and an inability to dephosphorylate LPS. Thus, the colonic microbiota is altered differentially through varying PUFA composition, conferring altered susceptibility to colitis. Overall, ω-6 PUFA enriches pro-inflammatory microbes and augments colitis; but prevents infection-induced systemic inflammation. In contrast, ω-3 PUFA supplementation reverses the effects of the ω-6 PUFA diet but impairs infection-induced responses resulting in sepsis. We conclude that as an anti-inflammatory agent, ω-3 PUFA supplementation during infection may prove detrimental when host inflammatory responses are critical for survival.

show abstract

“…(Gray-Donald et al, 2000) Also, according to a series of surveys conducted by the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (CFLRI), the level of leisure-time physical activity in Canada has increased since 1981 (Craig et al, 2001a). Taken together, the findings of decreased energy intake and increased leisure-time physical activity levels are incongruent with the observed increase in the prevalence of obesity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Canadian Population Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity Levels, 1981-1998

Bruce

Katzmarzyk²

2002

Can. J. Appl. Physiol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Age, sex, geographic and temporal trends in leisure-time physical activity levels were examined using data from five national surveys conducted between 1981 and 1998. Physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) was higher among men compared to women, and in younger versus older adults. AEE increased from Eastern to Western Canada, with a significant temporal trend of increasing AEE. The prevalence of physical inactivity (expending <12.6 kJ x kg(-1) x day(-1) has decreased; however, it remains high (women: 77%; men: 74%). The high prevalence of physical inactivity emphasizes the importance of population-level physical activity surveillance and interventions.

show abstract

Food Habits of Canadians: Reduction in Fat Intake Over a Generation

Cited by 108 publications

References 13 publications

The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective

The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective

Fish Oil Attenuates Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Induced Dysbiosis and Infectious Colitis but Impairs LPS Dephosphorylation Activity Causing Sepsis

Canadian Population Trends in Leisure-Time Physical Activity Levels, 1981-1998

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About