Food Industrial Microbial Transglutaminase in Celiac Disease: Treat or Trick

Abstract

The surge in incidence of celiac disease (CD) is due more to environmental than to genetic changes. It is paralleled by a food industry that is continuously introducing additives to processed products. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is an enzyme that deamidates/transamidates proteins, enabling cross-linkage of molecules and revolutionizing the properties of many food products. It belongs to the family of transaminases and tissue transglutaminase (tTG) has been identified as the autoantigen in CD. Both enzymes de/transamidate gluten, the nutritional environmental factor that induces CD. Although several studies have shown that mTG transamidation of wheat flour/gluten can detoxify gluten peptide in vitro, by inhibiting the response to intestinal gliadin, inducing T cells and reducing INFγ production without influencing their main technological properties, a word of caution is advised. The oral challenge of adult CD patients with mTG transamidated flour was found to be only partially effective, not fulfilling expectations, and there have been multiple recent observations that indicate that mTG transamidated flour/gluten could be dangerous to gluten sensitive populations: mTG cross-linking of gluten may be hazardous in CD since the enzyme can deamidate gluten, thus mimicking endogenous tTG, it can link an extensive repertoire of proteins and other macromolecules with immunogenic potential, mTG treated gluten peptides are immunogenic to celiac patients, inducing specific IgA antibodiesand are recognized by gluten-specific humanT cells. Their effect on CD intestinal permeability has not yet been studied. To better understand the actual processes and events, associated with the suggested mTG therapy, long-term ex vivo and in vitro studies are needed. Until then, it is best to respect the data but suspect the safety of the gluten sensitive populations.

Comparison of the Reliability of 17 Celiac Disease Associated Bio-Markers to Reflect Intestinal Damage

“…mTg-neo ABs isotypes are not autoimmune ABs, they are directed against neo-epitopes, formed during the conformational changes happening in the formation mTg/ gliadin cross-link complex [22,[44][45][46]. Since mTg is heavily used by the processed food industries, it is consumed daily [44,47].…”

International Journal of Celiac Disease: Four Year Interval Summary

“…Three out of the 17 came from the same center [1,18,25], followed by a group that entered the list by publishing two manuscripts [17,22]. All the five paper follow the above mentioned subject "trends of pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects".…”

Transglutaminases in Dysbiosis As Potential Environmental Drivers of Autoimmunity

“…Unlike the human transglutaminases, mTgs are calcium independent, have a single structural domain, have lower molecular mass, and have a different reactivity toward certain proteins in food. They display a limited sequence homology to human homologs; these characteristics allow modifying the functionality of proteins in food products (Lerner and Matthias, 2015a,c,e). The production and application of mTgs in food processing is rapidly growing, aided by the use of genetic engineering to improve the functionality and properties of the enzymes.…”