Food patch use of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) varies with personality traits

Abstract

Background The classic optimal foraging theory (OFT) predicts animals’ food patch use assuming that individuals in a population use the same strategy while foraging. However, due to the existence of animal personality, i.e. repeatable inter-individual differences and intra-individual consistency in behaviours over time and/or across contexts, individuals often exhibit different behavioural strategies, challenging the basic assumptions of the OFT. Here, we tested whether personality traits (boldness and exploration in open arena) of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, 38 females and 34 males) influenced their patch use in two foraging experiments with different inter-patch distances (i.e. 2 m in Experiment 1 and 3 m in Experiment 2). Results The total feeding time and food intake of individuals did not differ between Experiment 1 and 2, but in both experiments, proactive (i.e. bolder and more explorative) individuals had longer feeding time and higher food intake than reactive individuals. In Experiment 1, proactive quails changed patches more frequently and had shorter mean patch residence time than reactive individuals, while the effects were not significant in Experiment 2. The quails reduced patch residence time along with feeding, and this trend was weakened in Experiment 2 which had longer inter-patch distance. Conclusions The above results suggest that personality traits affect animals’ patch use, while the effects might be weakened with longer inter-patch distance. Our study highlights that animal personality should be considered when investigating animals’ foraging behaviours because individuals may not adopt the same strategy as previously assumed. Furthermore, the interaction between personality traits and inter-patch distances, which is related to movement cost and capacity of information gathering, should also be considered.

The Impact of Personality Interactions on Foraging Strategy and Growth in Native and Invasive Turtles

“…This variation may be related to the competitive advantages and the exploration-exploitation foraging strategies among personalities [56,[63][64][65]. Bolder and more exploratory individuals typically adopt an exploration foraging strategy, which involves exploring relatively "superficially" when foraging, while shyer and more avoidant individuals usually opt for an exploitation foraging strategy, which involves exploring relatively "thoroughly" when foraging [64,[66][67][68]. The exploitation foraging strategy may increase the rate of competition for the same food resource due to their thorough foraging.…”