Food production and nutrition in Biosphere 2: Results from the first mission September 1991 to September 1993

Silverstone, S.; Nelson, Mark D.

doi:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00861-8

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Shortchanged by all their intended food sources, the four men and four women of Biosphere 2 rapidly lost weight. Intakes averaged 1800-2200 kcal/day during the first 6 months, easing to 2000-2400 kcal/day over the remaining 18 months of enclosure (Silverstone & Nelson, 1996); maximum weight loss approached 20% for males and 13% for females.…”

Section: Caloric Restriction For Longevity: I 291mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research

Vitousek¹,

Grubbs²

2004

Euro Eating Disorders Rev

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The initial article in this series reviews basic findings in the field of caloric restriction for longevity (CRL). To eating disorder specialists, the data are disconcerting. The chronic dieting and subnormal weight we endeavour to prevent and treat in humans appear highly beneficial when imposed on animals. In the laboratory, organisms from nematodes to monkeys thrive when forced to undereat, as long as they receive sufficient micronutrients. The most remarkable results are obtained through the most extreme measures: mice, for example, do best if limited to a third of expected caloric intake, beginning soon after weaning and continuing throughout adulthood. Deprivation can be achieved through an 'anorexic' protocol of steady underconsumption or a 'bulimic' pattern in which periods of fasting alternate with bouts of binge eating. The benefits of such regimens include delayed senescence, postponement and/or attenuation of age-related disease and dramatic increases in average and maximum lifespan. Although some biological functions are impaired (including growth, reproduction and perhaps resistance to certain stressors), the cost/benefit ratio clearly favours CRL when calculated on the basis of physical outcomes in late age. Advocacy of comparable regimens for people, however, is ill-considered. Enthusiasm for CRL can be sustained only by detaching deprivation from the context of daily life, ignoring psychological effects, and dismissing data on human semi-starvation and eating disorders. The experiences of participants in Biosphere 2 and individuals with anorexia nervosa suggest that the price of CRL is unacceptably high when a wider range of outcome variables is examined.

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Section: Caloric Restriction For Longevity: I 291mentioning

confidence: 99%

Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research

Vitousek¹,

Grubbs²

2004

Euro Eating Disorders Rev

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“…This includes past ambitious efforts such as Biosphere 2 ( Fig. 2 left) located in the desert of Southern Arizona and that aimed to have a fully selfsufficient base with miniature support ecosystem to help feed and keep alive a team of human residents for 2 years [24][25]. The experiments produced mixed results, with the ambitious goals of self-sufficiency never being achieved.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous Robot Swarms for Off-World Construction and Resource Mining

Thangavelautham

2020

AIAA Scitech 2020 Forum

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Kickstarting the space economy requires identification of critical resources that can lower the cost of space transport, sustain logistic bases and communication relay networks between major nodes in the network. One important challenge with this space-economy is ensuring the low-cost transport of raw materials from one gravity-well to another. The escape delta-v of 11.2 km/s from Earth makes this proposition very expensive. Transporting materials from the Moon takes 2.4 km/s and from Mars 5.0 km/s. Based on these factors, the Moon and Mars have the potential to export material into this space economy. Water has been identified as a critical resource both to sustain human-life but also for use in propulsion, attitude-control, power, thermal storage and radiation protection systems. Water may be obtained off-world through In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) in the course of human or robotic space exploration. There is also important need for construction materials such as aluminum, iron/steel, and titanium. Based upon these important findings, we have developed an energy model to determine the feasibility of developing a mining base on the Moon and Mars. These mining base mine and principally exports water, aluminum, titanium and steel. The moon has significant reserves of water known to exists at the permanently shadowed crater regions and there are significant sources of titanium, aluminum and iron throughout the Moon's surface. Mars also has significant quantities of water in the form of hydrates, in addition to reserves of iron, titanium and aluminum Our designs for a mining base utilize renewable energy sources namely photovoltaics and solarthermal concentrators to provide power to construct the base, keep it operational and export water and other resources using a Mass Driver. Using the energy model developed, we will determine the energy per Earth-day to export 100 tons each of water, titanium, aluminum and low-grade steel into escape velocity of the Moon and Mars. We perform a detailed comparison of the energy required for construction of similar bases on the Moon and Mars, in addition to the operating energy required for regolith excavation, processing, refining and finally transport off-the-body. In this process, we consider multiple critical technologies including use of humans predominantly to construct and operate the base and alternately the use of robot teams. In addition, we also consider the use of additive manufacturing to print a base out of local materials or use of traditional building techniques. Our comparative study finds that an equivalent Martian base requires twice as much energy for construction than a lunar base, this is to enable the base to withstand the higher gravity. This also accounts for the energy required to process the local raw material into construction feedstock. A Martian base requires significantly more energy for day to day operations due to the higher gravity, requiring 2.4-folds more energy, primarily for operating the mass-driver to export the 400-tons of export mate...

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“…The ease of processing is an important consideration given the desire to minimize crew time necessary for food production. Supplemented with fruits and vegetables from the vegetable area and horticulture under story they can form the basis of a healthy vegetarian diet (Silverstone and Nelson, 1996;Walford et al, 1992).…”

Section: Original Crop Area Projections For the ''Mars On Earth ò '' mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

Nelson¹,

Dempster²,

Allen³

2008

Advances in Space Research

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Food production and nutrition in Biosphere 2: Results from the first mission September 1991 to September 1993

Cited by 40 publications

References 4 publications

Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research

Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal research

Autonomous Robot Swarms for Off-World Construction and Resource Mining

Integration of lessons from recent research for “Earth to Mars” life support systems

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