Food-related norovirus outbreak among people attending two barbeques: epidemiological, virological, and environmental investigation

Vivancos, Roberto; Shroufi, Amir; Sillis, Margaret; Aird, Heather; Gallimore, Christopher; Myers, Linda James; Mahgoub, H; Nair, P.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2008.09.023

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Transmission of viruses associated with the consumption of contaminated bivalve shellfish, particularly, oysters which are eaten uncooked, is regularly reported (Koopmans and Duizer 2004;Widdowson et al 2005). Other foods, including raspberries (Cotterelle et al 2005;Le Guyader et al 2004;Gaulin et al 1999;Korsager et al 2005;Hedlund et al 2000;Falkenhorst et al 2005;Hjertqvist et al 2006;Fell et al 2007;Ponka et al 1999) and salads (Vivancos et al 2009), have caused outbreaks after being contaminated by polluted water or virus-infected food handlers. Polluted water, both drinking water and recreational water, have been shown to have transmitted viruses (Cannon et al 1991;Lawson et al 1991;Maunula et al 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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Potential ways to address the issues that relate to the techniques for analyzing food and environmental samples for the presence of enteric viruses are discussed. It is not the authors' remit to produce or recommend standard or reference methods but to address specific issues in the analytical procedures. Foods of primary importance are bivalve molluscs, particularly, oysters, clams, and mussels; salad crops such as lettuce, green onions and other greens; and soft fruits such as raspberries and strawberries. All types of water, not only drinking water but also recreational water (fresh, marine, and swimming pool), river water (irrigation water), raw and treated sewage are potential vehicles for virus transmission. Well over 100 different enteric viruses could be food or water contaminants; however, with few exceptions, most well-characterized foodborne or waterborne viral outbreaks are restricted to hepatitis A virus (HAV) and calicivirus, essentially norovirus (NoV). Target viruses for analytical methods include, in addition to NoV and HAV, hepatitis E virus (HEV), enteroviruses (e.g., poliovirus), adenovirus, rotavirus, astrovirus, and any other relevant virus likely to be transmitted by food or water. A survey of the currently available methods for detection of viruses in food and environmental matrices was conducted, gathering information on protocols for extraction of viruses from various matrices and on the various specific detection techniques for each virus type.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

et al. 2010

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“…There are several documented human norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreaks associated with the consumption of ready-to-eat foods, including salads, sandwiches, bakery products, salad dressing, raspberries, and oysters from contaminated waters (24,33,35,44,45,51). Thus, effective mitigation and control strategies are of great importance to reduce food-borne viral illness as well as to help increase the shelf life of food products.…”

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confidence: 99%

Grape Seed Extract for Control of Human Enteric Viruses

D’Souza

2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

132

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Grape seed extract (GSE) is reported to have many pharmacological benefits, including antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antimicrobial properties. However, the effect of this inexpensive rich source of natural phenolic compounds on human enteric viruses has not been well documented. In the present study, the effect of commercial GSE, Gravinol-S, on the infectivity of human enteric virus surrogates (feline calicivirus, FCV-F9; murine norovirus, MNV-1; and bacteriophage MS2) and hepatitis A virus (HAV; strain HM175) was evaluated. GSE at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/ml was individually mixed with equal volumes of each virus at titers of ϳ7 log 10 PFU/ml or ϳ5 log 10 PFU/ml and incubated for 2 h at room temperature or 37°C. The infectivity of the recovered viruses after triplicate treatments was evaluated by standardized plaque assays. At high titers (ϳ7 log 10 PFU/ml), FCV-F9 was significantly reduced by 3.64, 4.10, and 4.61 log 10 PFU/ml; MNV-1 by 0.82, 1.35, and 1.73 log 10 PFU/ml; MS2 by 1.13, 1.43, and 1.60 log 10 PFU/ml; and HAV by 1.81, 2.66, and 3.20 log 10 PFU/ml after treatment at 37°C with 0.25, 0.50, and 1 mg/ml GSE, respectively (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. GSE treatment of low titers (ϳ5 log 10 PFU/ml) at 37°C also showed viral reductions. Room-temperature treatments with GSE caused significant reduction of the four viruses, with higher reduction for low-titer FCV-F9, MNV-1, and HAV compared to high titers. Our results indicate that GSE shows promise for application in the food industry as an inexpensive novel natural alternative to reduce viral contamination and enhance food safety.Grapes are one of the world's leading fruit crops, with production rates at more than 50 million tons a year (34). Grape seeds, which are by-products of wine and the grape juice industries, are shown to contain large quantities of phenolic compounds such as gallic acid and monomeric flavan-3-ols catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin-3-O-gallate, as well as dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric proanthocyanidins (PAC) (37). Grape seed extract (GSE) reportedly has many pharmacological and health benefits that include antioxidant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticarcinogenic, and antiaging effects (28,47,48).Recently, GSE has gained increasing attention in the food industry because of its associated antimicrobial properties. Rhodes et al. (31) showed that GSE at a concentration of 0.25 mg/ml decreased Listeria monocytogenes from 10 6 to 10 7

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“…However, due to convergence problems logistic regression models have been used in practical situations even with higher attack rates [2][3][4]. Also formulas for converting odds ratios to risk ratios have been suggested [8] but the validity has already previously been questioned [9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specifically, they have been used to control confounding in food borne analytical studies [1]. Logistic regression has been commonly used in cohort settings due to its ability to converge in most situations [2][3][4]. However, logistic regression provides estimates for odds ratio (OR) which only can be used as risk ratio (RR) estimates when the incidence is lower than 10%, an unlikely situation in many food borne outbreaks [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Regression Models with Log-Link in the Cohort Studies

Jalava

Räsänen²,

Ala-Kojola³

et al. 2013

TOEPIJ

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Regression models have been used to control confounding in food borne cohort studies, logistic regression has been commonly used due to easy converge. However, logistic regression provide estimates for OR only when RR estimate is lower than 10%, an unlikely situation in food borne outbreaks. Recent developments have resolved the binary model convergence problems applying log link. Food items significant in the univariable analysis were included for the multivariable analysis of two recent Finnish norovirus outbreaks. We used both log and logistic regression models in R and Bayesian model in Winbugs by SPSS and R. The log-link model could be used to identify the vehicle in the two norovirus outbreak datasets. Convergence problems were solved using Bayesian modelling. Binary model applying log link provided accurate and useful estimates of RR estimating the true risk, a suitable method of choice for multivariable analysis of outbreak cohort studies.

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Food-related norovirus outbreak among people attending two barbeques: epidemiological, virological, and environmental investigation

Cited by 36 publications

References 18 publications

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

Analytical Methods for Virus Detection in Water and Food

Grape Seed Extract for Control of Human Enteric Viruses

Binary Regression Models with Log-Link in the Cohort Studies

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