Food Security and Research Agenda in African Swine Fever Virus: a new Arbovirus Threat in the Dominican Republic

Paulino-Ramírez, Robert; Jiménez, Juan Ariel

doi:10.31005/iajmh.v4i.210

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Since the introduction of the African Swine Fever Virus [ASFV] into Georgia from Africa, the virus has spread to Europe, Asia, Oceania, and more recently the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In some countries, the disease has become endemic to the extent of endangering food security ( 6 – 13 ). Since there is no vaccine, surveillance by testing with subsequent removal of infected and in-contact animals and enhanced biosecurity measures are the primary control and elimination methods for ASF ( 5 , 14 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus pp220 Induces Robust Antibody, IFN-γ, and CTL Responses in Pigs

et al. 2022

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African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) poses a serious threat to the pork industry worldwide; however, there is no safe vaccine or treatment available. The development of an efficacious subunit vaccine will require the identification of protective antigens. The ASFV pp220 polyprotein is essential for virus structural integrity. This polyprotein is processed to generate p5, p34, p14, p37, and p150 individual proteins. Immunization of pigs with a cocktail of adenoviruses expressing the proteins induced significant IgG, IFN-γ-secreting cells, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Four predicted SLA-I binding nonamer peptides, namely p34161−169, p37859−867, p1501363−1371, and p1501463−1471, recalled strong IFN-γ+ PBMC and splenocyte responses. Notably, peptide p34161−169 was recognized by PBMCs isolated from 7/10 pigs and by splenocytes isolated from 8/10 pigs. Peptides p37859−867 and p1501363−1371 stimulated recall IFN-γ+ responses in PBMCs and splenocytes isolated from 8/10 pigs, whereas peptide p1501463−1471 recalled responses in PBMCs and splenocytes isolated from 7/10 to 9/10 pigs, respectively. The results demonstrate that the pp220 polyprotein contains multiple epitopes that induce robust immune responses in pigs. Importantly, these epitopes are 100% conserved among different ASFV genotypes and were predicted to bind multiple SLA-I alleles. The outcomes suggest that pp220 is a promising candidate for inclusion in a prototype subunit vaccine.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus pp220 Induces Robust Antibody, IFN-γ, and CTL Responses in Pigs

et al. 2022

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“…As an example, African Swine Fever (ASF) is a severe viral disease affecting domestic and feral swine, for which there is currently no commercially available vaccine [ 6 ]. Although the U.S. swine herd is free of ASF, ongoing transmission throughout China, parts of Europe [ 7 ] and more recently, the Western Hemisphere [ 8 , 9 ], show that pathogens can travel with the global transportation network of feed, replacement animals, pork products and equipment [ 6 ]. These findings indicate that an outbreak occurring on the other side of the world can suddenly appear and spread locally or regionally with no or little warning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though there are informative guidelines developed by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) on swine depopulation and euthanasia, applying recommended measures to large populations of swine under field conditions is a challenge [ 9 ]. Modern swine facilities house large numbers of swine and commonly comprise multiple buildings, rooms and types of environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, when evaluating alternative systems, both the handling/restraint processes and induction of unconsciousness should be considered. AVMA’s current preferred depopulation methods include physical methods (non-penetrating captive bolt, penetrating captive bolt, electrocution, manual blunt force trauma and movement to slaughter), one inhaled method (carbon dioxide) and one non-inhaled method (anesthetic overdose) [ 9 , 10 ]. Recently, ventilation shutdown (VSD+) has been used for the emergency depopulation of large swine populations in the U.S. but is currently listed in the AVMA depopulation guidelines to be used solely under ‘constrained circumstances’ as a last resort [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Gaseous and Water-Based Medium-Expansion Foam Depopulation Methods in Cull Sows

Lorbach

Campler

Youngblood

et al. 2021

Animals

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The U.S. swine industry is currently inadequately prepared to counteract the increasing threat of high-consequence diseases. Although approved and preferred depopulation guidelines exist, ventilation shutdown (VSD+) is currently the only method being deployed during a state of emergency to depopulate large swine populations. However, the permitted use of VSD+ during constrained circumstances has been criticized due to raised swine welfare concerns. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of carbon dioxide gas (CO2), nitrogen gas (N2), compressed air foam (CAF), compressed nitrogen foam (CAF-N2) and aspirated foam (AF) during a 15-min dwell time on adult swine in an emergency depopulation situation. A small-scale trial using 12 sows per depopulation method showed the highest efficiency to induce cessation of movement for AF and CO2 (186.0 ± 48 vs. 202.0 ± 41, s ± SD). The ease of implementation and safety favored AF for further investigation. A large-scale field study using AF to depopulate 134 sows in modified rendering trailers showed a mean fill time of 103.8 s (SD: 5.0 s) and cessation of movement of 128.0 s (SD: 18.6 s) post filling. All sows were confirmed dead post-treatment for both trials. The implementation of AF in modified rendering trailers may allow for a safe and reliable method that allows for the expedient and mobile depopulation of both small and large numbers of sows during an emergency.

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“…Disease outbreaks that occur far from the originating source are likely to be associated with increased travel and trade, causing additional concern in terms of spread prevention, source identification and local preparation and mitigation (Gaudreault et al., 2020 ; USDA – APHIS, 2022 ). For instance, African Swine Fever, not currently present on US soil, has recently been detected in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, and could have a significant negative impact on both swine welfare and the US swine economy if additional spread occurs (Brown et al., 2021 ; Paulino‐Ramirez, 2021 ; USDA – APHIS, 2022 ). Therefore, access to readily available contingency plans for large‐scale swine depopulation is paramount to prevent spread when outbreaks occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of water‐based medium‐expansion foam as a depopulation method for nursery pigs and cull sows

Arruda

Campler

Cheng

et al. 2022

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Animal disease preparedness plans including depopulation guidelines are paramount to prevent the spread of emerging infectious diseases but difficult to implement for swine under field conditions. However, water‐based foam (WBF) is currently an approved and successfully deployed depopulation methodology in poultry. Therefore, the reliability of WBF as a depopulation method and the effectiveness and irreversibility of consciousness and consequential mortality in pigs of different ages was assessed across two trials. Trial 1 investigated the time to loss of consciousness and cessation of cardiac activity in nursery pigs (n = 72) at six different foam immersion time points (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 min) when placed in a 1.47 m3 (1.2 × 1.2 × 1.02 m, length × width × height) plastic bulk container. One pig per replicate was implanted with an ECG bio‐logger. Irreversible loss of consciousness was observed after a 5‐min immersion. The average (SD) time to development of a fatal arrhythmia from the initiation of the foam application was 7.3 min (1.82 s). Trial 2 aimed to validate the findings from Trial 1 in 75 larger cull sows across three replicates (n = 25). Sows were loaded into a 41‐m3 sealed trailer (12.2 × 1.5 × 2.24 m), immersed in WBF and left undisturbed for 5 min post foam‐filling completion. Six pigs in each replicate were implanted with an ECG bio‐logger. A 5‐min dwell time resulted in irreversible loss of consciousness and subsequent mortality in all cull sows. The average time (SD) to cessation of movement and fatal arrhythmia post foam‐filling completion was 2.2 min (34.8 s) and 8.7 min (138.0 s), respectively. While a 5‐min immersion in WBF induced irreversible loss of consciousness and death in both trials, a 7.5‐min dwell time followed by observation for confirmation of death post WBF removal would be advisable for pigs of all sizes.

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Food Security and Research Agenda in African Swine Fever Virus: a new Arbovirus Threat in the Dominican Republic

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus pp220 Induces Robust Antibody, IFN-γ, and CTL Responses in Pigs

Adenovirus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus pp220 Induces Robust Antibody, IFN-γ, and CTL Responses in Pigs

Comparison of Gaseous and Water-Based Medium-Expansion Foam Depopulation Methods in Cull Sows

Reliability of water‐based medium‐expansion foam as a depopulation method for nursery pigs and cull sows

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