Food Sources of Energy and Nutrients among Adults in the US: NHANES 2003–2006

Abstract

Identification of current food sources of energy and nutrients among US adults is needed to help with public health efforts to implement feasible and appropriate dietary recommendations. To determine the food sources of energy and 26 nutrients consumed by US adults the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 24-h recall (Day 1) dietary intake data from a nationally representative sample of adults 19+ years of age (y) (n = 9490) were analyzed. An updated USDA Dietary Source Nutrient Database was developed for NHANES 2003–2006 using current food composition databases. Food grouping included ingredients from disaggregated mixtures. Mean energy and nutrient intakes from food sources were sample-weighted. Percentages of total dietary intake contributed from food sources were ranked. The highest ranked sources of energy and nutrients among adults more than 19 years old were: energy—yeast bread/rolls (7.2%) and cake/cookies/quick bread/pastry/pie (7.2%); protein—poultry (14.4%) and beef (14.0%); total fat—other fats and oils (9.8%); saturated fatty acids—cheese (16.5%) and beef (9.1%); carbohydrate—soft drinks/soda (11.4%) and yeast breads/rolls (10.9%); dietary fiber—yeast breads/rolls (10.9%) and fruit (10.2%); calcium—milk (22.5%) and cheese (21.6%); vitamin D—milk (45.1%) and fish/shellfish (14.4%); and potassium—milk (9.6%) and coffee/tea/other non-alcoholic beverages (8.4%). Knowledge of primary food sources of energy and nutrients can help health professionals design effective strategies to reduce excess energy consumed by US adults and increase the nutrient adequacy of their diets.

Dietary and Non-dietary Factors Associated with Serum Zinc in Indian Women

“…This dietary pattern is very different from that observed in other countries, such as the USA, which is characterized by lower amounts of cereals and legumes and higher amounts of meats, eggs, and dairy products. The food group that made the largest contributions to the energy intake in these Indian women was cereals (64.5 %), a value more than twice the~30 % of total energy coming from cereals in the usual American diet [41]. The high cereal content of the diet of Indian women also contributes the highest amount of protein (also 64.6 %) while meat, fish, poultry, and eggs only contributed 5.6 % of protein intakes; in contrast, cereals contributẽ 15 % and meat, fish, poultry, and eggs~43 % to total protein intake in the USA [41].…”

Discretionary food and beverage consumption and its association with demographic characteristics, weight status, and fruit and vegetable intakes in Australian adults

“…The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of the USA, although adopting a different approach for food grouping, reported that energy-dense and nutrient-poor foods/beverages comprised at least 36 % of the total energy intake of US adults (27) . The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of the UK did not provide separate analysis for discretionary foods/beverages but did recognize the large and constant contribution of food intakes from unhealthy choices including hot chips, processed meat, confectionery and soft drinks among adults from 2000 to 2009 (28) .…”

“…In the present study, data obtained from 7873 adults (19 years or above) with at least one 24 h dietary recall and weight and height measured were used for analyses, with the results weighted to reflect the Australian population (5)(6)(7) . Age groups were based on the NNPAS age categories (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50), 51-70 and 70+ years) and socio-economic quintiles were based on the Socio-Economic Index of Disadvantage for Areas (SEIFA), where the first SEIFA quintile indicates the most disadvantaged areas (5) . Country of birth was classified according to whether the respondents were born in Australia, English-speaking countries, or others.…”

Consuming the daily recommended amounts of dairy products would reduce the prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the United States: diet modelling study based on NHANES 2007–2010

“…An additional serving of dairy may be one approach to help Americans get more magnesium since increasing dairy from current to recommended amounts reduced the percentage of people below the EAR by as much as 26 %. Based on current dietary intakes, milk is the primary contributor of magnesium to the diet of children 3 and the second highest contributor for adults 4 in the U.S. compared to other foods. Other magnesium-rich foods such as nuts and beans should also be considered to help fully close this nutrient gap (1).…”