Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

Belsham, Graham J.; Charleston, Bryan; Jackson, Terry; Paton, David

doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001024.pub3

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The FMDV genome is approximately 8000 nucleotides long and encodes a single open reading frame coding for a leader polypeptide (Lpro) that cleaves itself from the polyprotein, four structural proteins (1A-1D or VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1) and nine non-structural proteins (2A-2C, 3A, 3B1-3B3, 3C, 3D) [3,4]. The determinants for immunity are mostly found in VP1-VP4, which form the viral capsid.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive within-host recombination and epistasis as major determinants of the molecular evolution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid

et al. 2020

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Although recombination is known to occur in foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), it is considered only a minor determinant of virus sequence diversity. Analysis at phylogenetic scales shows inter-serotypic recombination events are rare, whereby recombination occurs almost exclusively in non-structural proteins. In this study we have estimated recombination rates within a natural host in an experimental setting. African buffaloes were inoculated with a SAT-1 FMDV strain containing two major viral sub-populations differing in their capsid sequence. This population structure enabled the detection of extensive within-host recombination in the genomic region coding for structural proteins and allowed recombination rates between the two sub-populations to be estimated. Quite surprisingly, the effective recombination rate in VP1 during the acute infection phase turns out to be about 0.1 per base per year, i.e. comparable to the mutation/substitution rate. Using a high-resolution map of effective within-host recombination in the capsid-coding region, we identified a linkage disequilibrium pattern in VP1 that is consistent with a mosaic structure with two main genetic blocks. Positive epistatic interactions between co-evolved variants appear to be present both within and between blocks. These interactions are due to intra-host selection both at the RNA and protein level. Overall our findings show that during FMDV co-infections by closely related strains, capsid-coding genes recombine within the host at a much higher rate than expected, despite the presence of strong constraints dictated by the capsid structure. Although these intra-host results are not immediately translatable to a phylogenetic setting, recombination and epistasis must play a major and so far underappreciated role in the molecular evolution of the virus at all scales.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive within-host recombination and epistasis as major determinants of the molecular evolution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid

et al. 2020

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“…agent of FMD, which belongs to genus Aphthovirus, family Picornaviridae. FMDV includes seven major serotypes, i.e., O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3, showing poor cross-protective activity and high genetic variability (2). Serotype O is the most common serotype worldwide and causes serious outbreaks in China.…”

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Genetic Determinants of Altered Virulence of Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

Yang

Zhu

Cao

et al. 2020

J Virol

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Under different circumstances, the alteration of several viral genes may give an evolutionary advantage to the virus to maintain its prevalence in nature. In this study, a 70-nucleotide deletion in the small fragment (S fragment) of the viral 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) together with one amino acid insertion in the leader protein (Lpro) that naturally occurred in several serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains in China was identified. The properties of two field serotype O FMDV strains, with or without the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the amino acid insertion in Lpro, were compared in vitro and in vivo. Clinical manifestations of FMD were clearly observed in cattle and pigs infected by the virus without the mutations. However, the virus with the mentioned mutations caused FMD outcomes only in pigs, not in cattle. To determine the role of the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the single amino acid insertion in Lpro in the pathogenicity and host range of FMDV, four recombinant viruses, with complete genomes and a 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment, a single amino acid insertion in Lpro, or both mutations, were constructed and rescued. It showed that deletion of 70 nucleotides in the S fragment or insertion of one amino acid (leucine) at position 10 of Lpro partly decreased the viral pathogenicity of Mya-98 lineage virus in cattle and pigs. However, the virus with dual mutations caused clinical disease only in pigs, not in cattle. This suggested that the S fragment and Lpro are significantly associated with the virulence and host specificity of FMDV. The naturally occurring dual mutation in the S fragment and Lpro is a novel determinant of viral pathogenicity and host range for serotype O FMDV. IMPORTANCE FMD is probably the most important livestock disease in the world due to the severe economic consequences caused. The alteration of several viral genes may give the virus selective advantage to maintain its prevalence in nature. Here, we identified that a 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment combined with a single leucine insertion in the leader protein (Lpro) is a novel determinant of restricted growth on bovine cells, which significantly contributes to the altered virulence of serotype O FMDV in cattle. A synergistic and additive effect of the 70-nucleotide deletion in the S fragment and the single leucine insertion in Lpro on the virulence and host specificity of the virus was determined. These results will benefit efforts to understand the vial pathogenicity mechanism and molecular characteristics of FMDV.

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Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease

Cited by 2 publications

References 32 publications

Pervasive within-host recombination and epistasis as major determinants of the molecular evolution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid

Pervasive within-host recombination and epistasis as major determinants of the molecular evolution of the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid

Genetic Determinants of Altered Virulence of Type O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

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