Foot and Mouth Disease and Cryptosporidiosis: Possible Interaction between Two Emerging Infectious Diseases

Hunter, Paul; Chalmers, Rachel M.; Syed, Qutub; Hughes, Luciana; Woodhouse, Sarah; Swift, Louise

doi:10.3201/eid0901.020265

Cited by 48 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The significance of cattle in the zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium was previously shown in the United Kingdom during the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. The animal contact restrictions put in place during that outbreak resulted in a significant reduction in the number of cases of human cryptosporidiosis caused by C. parvum (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum are the primary species of Cryptosporidium that infect humans. C. hominis has an anthroponotic transmission cycle, while C. parvum is zoonotic, infecting cattle and other ruminants, in addition to humans. Most cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in the United States have been caused by C. hominis, and this species is often reported as the primary cause of cryptosporidiosis in this country. However, outbreaks account for only 10% of the overall cryptosporidiosis cases, and there are few data on the species that cause sporadic cases. The present study identified the species/genotypes and subgenotypes of Cryptosporidium in 49 cases of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin during the period from 2003 to 2005. The species/genotype of isolates was determined by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 18S rRNA and Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein genes. The C. parvum and C. hominis isolates were subgenotyped by sequence analysis of the GP60 gene. Forty-four of 49 isolates were identified as C. parvum, and 1 was identified as C. hominis. Of the remaining isolates, one was identified as being of the cervine genotype, one was identified as being a cervine genotype variant, and two were identified as being of a novel human genotype, previously reported as W17. Nine different subgenotypes were identified within the C. parvum species, and two of these were responsible for 60% of the cases. In this study we found that most sporadic cases of cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin are caused by zoonotic Cryptosporidium species, indicating that zoonotic transmission could be more frequently associated with sporadic cases in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

et al. 2006

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“…Thus, the predominance of C. parvum in a population has been considered the result of zoonotic transmission. Indeed, even in areas with a high percentage of infections due to C. parvum, massive slaughter of farm animals during foot-andmouth disease outbreaks can result in a reduction of the proportion of human infections due to C. parvum (10,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

et al. 2005

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To understand the transmission of Cryptosporidium infection in children, fecal specimens from 62 Kuwaiti children with gastrointestinal symptoms found to be positive by microscopy were genotyped and subtyped with a small subunit rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and a 60-kDa glycoprotein-based DNA sequencing tool. The median age of infected children was 4.5 years, and 77% of infections occurred during the cool season of November to April. Fifty-eight of the children (94%) had Cryptosporidium parvum, three (5%) had Cryptosporidium hominis, and one (1%) had both C. parvum and C. hominis. Altogether, 13 subtypes of C. parvum (belonging to four subtype allele families) and C. hominis (belonging to three subtype allele families) were observed, with 92% of specimens belonging to the common allele family IIa and the unusual allele family IId. Thus, the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in Kuwaiti children differed significantly from other tropical countries.Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrheal diseases in both developing and industrialized nations. Recent molecular epidemiologic studies of cryptosporidiosis have helped researchers to better understand the transmission of cryptosporidiosis in humans and the public health significance of Cryptosporidium spp. in animals and the environment. Using genotyping tools, five species of Cryptosporidium (C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, and C. canis) have been shown to be responsible for most human infections. Of these five species, C. hominis and C. parvum are the two most common species (34). Because these five human pathogenic Cryptosporidium species have different spectrums of host specificity, the characterization of Cryptosporidium at the species level is useful in investigating infection and contamination sources. Recently, a number of subtyping tools have been developed and used to characterize the population structure and transmission dynamics of C. parvum and C. hominis (2, 8, 17, 18, 24-26, 29, 30).Although cryptosporidiosis is prevalent in tropical regions, limited studies have been conducted to characterize Cryptosporidium spp. from humans at the molecular level. Several studies have examined the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis in South Africa, Malawi, Kenya, Uganda, Peru, and Thailand, all of which have shown a predominance of C. hominis in humans, indicating anthroponotic transmission plays a major role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in most tropical countries (7,17,25,(31)(32)(33). Only two of the studies subtyped small numbers of Cryptosporidium spp. (17,25). In the present study, 62 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were collected from children in Kuwait City between 1997 and 2004 and examined by a small subunit (SSU) rRNA-based PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and a 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60)-based PCR sequencing tool (2, 33). Results of the study have shown a predominance in children of C. parvum, which traditionally is associated with farm animal...

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“…Long-term molecular surveillance has shown differences in the distribution of species by person, time and place in the UK (Anon, 2002;McLauchlin et al, 2000;Leoni et al, 2006, Nichols et al, 2006a) and the epidemiological "noise" is reduced when typing results are incorporated into routine surveillance, as is current in Scotland (Chalmers & Pollock, 2007). Changes in the epidemiology are more readily observed and investigated (Smerdon et al, 2003;Hunter et al, 2003;Sopwith et al, 2005). Analytical epidemiological studies have identified specific risk factors for sporadic cases: contact with farmed animals for C. parvum and travel abroad, changing nappies and contact with another infected person for C. hominis (Hunter et al, 2004a) and linked species to socio-economic factors is not clear (Glaberman et al, 2002), and it is important that this is underpinned by routine species identification to establish the background epidemiology.…”

Section: Th Emop August 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

2008

Parasite

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Summary :The burden of disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is unknown. However, routine laboratory diagnosis and surveillance enables the basic epidemiology to be described, changes to be monitored and under-ascertainment to be measured. Although the two main species involved in human disease in developed countries, Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, have differing epidemiologies and risk factors, national surveillance is generally from isolates identified to the genus level only. Enhancing the data by typing, at least to identify the isolates to the species level, removes some of the noise generated and better identifies the risks than when reports are not species-specific. This level of identification is also valuable for outbreak investigations, but further investigation of the population genetics of C. parvum and C. hominis is required for the development of more readily applied subtyping tools.

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Foot and Mouth Disease and Cryptosporidiosis: Possible Interaction between Two Emerging Infectious Diseases

Cited by 48 publications

References 8 publications

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Evidence Supporting Zoonotic Transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin

Unique Endemicity of Cryptosporidiosis in Children in Kuwait

Cryptosporidium: from laboratory diagnosis to surveillance and outbreaks

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