Foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: recent updates and future perspectives

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a major worldwide viral disease in animals, affecting the national and international trade of livestock and animal products and leading to high economic losses and social consequences. Effective control measures of FMD involve prevention through vaccination with inactivated vaccines. These inactivated vaccines, unfortunately, require short-term protection and cold-chain and high-containment facilities. Major advances and pursuit of hot topics in vaccinology and vectorology are ongoing, involving peptide vaccines, DNA vaccines, live vector vaccines, and novel attenuated vaccines. DIVA capability and marker vaccines are very important in differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals. This review focuses on updating the research progress of these novel vaccines, summarizing their merits and including ideas for improvement. Highlights

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus: Immunobiology, Advances in Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies Addressing Vaccine Failures—An Indian Perspective

“…The search for an alternative vaccine or refinement of the existing vaccines suiting Indian conditions is ongoing. Advancements in vaccinology have paved way to designing and developing effective FMD vaccines by new approaches such as DNA vaccines, plant based edible vaccines, vectored vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles vaccines, peptide vaccines, and others [19,40,43,44,45,46,47]. However, their successful application as alternatives to the whole virus based conventional vaccine is still to be demonstrated.…”

“…Broad host range, epidemiological complexity, increasing movement of animals and animal products in the international market, high infectivity rate, emergence of new variants, interface of domestic and wild animals, lack of highly potent vaccines, and lack of required infrastructure are some of the key factors that hinder the control and the eradication of FMD in endemic settings [18]. Compulsory vaccination with strict sanitary measures has been successfully implemented for the control or the eradication of FMD in Europe and South American countries [18,19]. Depopulation of FMD infected and in-contact animals is preferred over introduction of vaccination in countries that are free of FMD [20].…”

Novel Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Platform: Formulations for Safe and DIVA-Compatible FMD Vaccines With Improved Potency

“…These vaccines confer protection from clinical signs of FMD caused by FMDVs closely related to the vaccine strain. However, the traditional FMD vaccines have several challenges and limitations ( 10 – 12 ).…”

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

“…Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that spreads rapidly among cloven hoofed animals, causing large economic losses after outbreaks [1][2][3][4]. The disease is caused by was the product of Seppic Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China).…”

“…Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease that spreads rapidly among cloven hoofed animals, causing large economic losses after outbreaks [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The disease is caused by the FMD virus (FMDV), which includes seven serotypes (A, C, O, South African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, SAT 3, and Asia 1) and multiple subtypes within each serotype [ 5 ].…”