Foot Morphology in Chinese Adolescents Aged Between 13 to 18 Years Varies by Gender and Age

Xu, Miaomiao; Li, Jing Xian; Hong, Youlian; Wang, Lin

doi:10.12659/msm.912947

Cited by 6 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In our country, all the studies carried out in schoolchildren have shown a strong correlation between both parameters [ 14 , 22 ]. This strong correlation has also been observed in other studies carried out in schoolchildren in different ethnic groups [ 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…Several studies reveal ethnic anthropometric differences in the development of foot shape. Asiatic populations such as Japanese children have a wider foot length compared to Caucasoid, Africans and Australoid populations [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. After comparing our results with similar studies conducted in Asian schoolchildren, it is observed that this population present shorter foot length at any age and gender.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After comparing our results with similar studies conducted in Asian schoolchildren, it is observed that this population present shorter foot length at any age and gender. Another observation is that Asiatic boys´ feet have greater length and width relative to girls, and differences are significant from 7 through 12 years of age [ 19 , 21 ]. In Chinese schoolchildren the smallest differences for all foot measurements occurred at 7–9 years in both sexes, in contrast to our study that it occurred at 10–11 years [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Foot Growth and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters in a Representative Cohort of Schoolchildren from Southern Spain

González-Elena

Fernández-Espejo

Castro-Méndez

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: The relationship between growth of the foot and other anthropometric parameters during body development until puberty has been scarcely studied. Some studies propose that growth of the foot in length may be an early index of puberty. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to analyze the relationship between the growth of the foot in length and width with other anthropometric parameters, in prepubertal and early pubertal schoolchildren (Tanner stage II). Methods: Using an instrument that was designed and calibrated for this purpose, maximum foot length, width and height were obtained in 1005 schoolchildren. Results: The findings indicate that the age of onset of pubertal foot growth spur was 7–8 years in girls, and 8–9 years in boys. Growth in foot length stabilized in both sexes after 12 years of age. In boys, a strong correlation was found between height and foot length (r = 0.884; p < 0.047), and between body mass index (BMI) and forefoot width at 12 years of age (r = 0.935; p < 0.020). A strong correlation was found between height and forefoot width at 6 years in girls (r = 0.719; p < 0.001), as well as between BMI and metatarsal width in 10 years-old girls (r = 0.812; p <0.001). Conclusions: The average increase in foot length and width that precedes the onset of Tanner’s stage II in both girls and boys can be considered as a useful biological indicator of the onset of puberty.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Cross-Sectional Study of Foot Growth and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters in a Representative Cohort of Schoolchildren from Southern Spain

González-Elena

Fernández-Espejo

Castro-Méndez

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The age of this study sample spans from 3 to 18 years old, encompassing the growth and development process from preschool to the end of puberty, which allowed for a more thorough exploration of growth patterns in height and FL and their associations with puberty development. The most recent studies on FL in China have only covered the ages of 7–12 years old and 13–18 years old separately, which are not age-continuous and do not fully reflect the whole growth and development patterns of children ( 6 , 10 ). Similarly, the latest Spanish study on FL only covers the age range of 3–12 years old, resulting in an incomplete description of growth patterns ( 4 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of height, foot length, and pubertal development in children aged 3–18: a cross-sectional survey in China

Wu,

Zhang,

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the growth patterns of height and foot length (FL) among Chinese children aged 3–18 and examine their associations with puberty development.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in September 2022 in Beijing. Data were collected through questionnaires and on-site physical examinations. The growth patterns and velocity of height and FL in different age groups were described, and their associations with puberty development were analyzed.ResultsFrom an age perspective, the peak FL growth occurred between 9 and 11 years (boys were 11 years and girls were 9 years), while the peak height growth occurred at 11 ~ 13 years for boys and 9 ~ 11 years for girls. Additionally, boys and girls reached 99.0% of their final FL at the ages of 14 and 13, respectively, while they reached 99.0% of their final height at the ages of 16 and 15, respectively. From the perspective of Tanner stage, the age of peak FL growth in boys coincided with the age of the G2 stage, while in girls it occurred slightly earlier than the mean age of the B2 stage. The peak height growth for both boys and girls occurred between Tanner stages 2 and 3.ConclusionBoys and girls reach their peak FL growth at 11 and 9 years old, respectively, which were both 2 years earlier than their peak height growth. The peak FL growth occurred around the onset of puberty, while the peak height growth occurred between Tanner stages 2 and 3.

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“…Modes 3, 4, 6–9 were not significant in this study. Mode 3, which corresponds to foot width, surprisingly showed no significant differences between age groups, even though the literature reports a significant increase in foot width at 13–14 years of age in boys [ 42 ]. This may have been due to the wide variance of foot width in our population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

Fallon Verbruggen,

Marenčáková,

Zahálka

2023

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background Foot morphology is associated with altered loading of the ankle–foot complex in adolescent footballers, predisposing to pain and injury. However, usual singular plane clinical assessments do not accurately capture the 3D nature of foot morphology. A new approach is 3D laser scanning, with statistical shape model techniques creating individual-to-group comparison. However, no research exists on the adolescent, football-playing foot. Furthermore, a link between 3D foot morphology, and usual clinical and performance measures would be beneficial for practical implementation. Methods Four hundred forty-seven 3D foot scans from 224 elite male footballers (U12-U19) in bilateral stance were collected and further processed with statistical shape model techniques. Weighted shape parameters for individual principal components (Modes) were extracted for each foot. Centre of pressure displacement expressed as total travelled way in millimetres was calculated for bilateral and unilateral postural stability measures. Clinical assessments (Clarke’s Angle, Resting Calcaneal Stance Position) were calculated on the 3D foot scans. Differences in weighted shape parameters, postural stability measures, and clinical assessments between age groups were determined by ANOVA. Correlations determined the relationship of Modes and clinical assessments to postural stability measures. Linear regression established if clinical assessments predicted the mode describing foot arch variation. Results Age groups significantly differed for Mode 1 (foot length), Mode 2 (foot arch), and Mode 5 (tibial rotation relative to the foot) (p < 0.05). Resting Calcaneal Stance Position (r = .663) and Clarke’s Angle (r = -.445) were low-to-moderately correlated to Mode 2 (both p < 0.001), and linear regression found they were both significant predictors of Mode 2, though only moderately (R2 = .522). There were low correlations of foot morphology to the postural stability tests. Conclusion This is the first study to describe the 3D foot morphology of male football-playing adolescents, and discover the differences between age groups. This will improve understanding and assessment of foot morphology in male adolescents because 2D techniques, as discovered in this study, do not strongly correlate to, nor predict, the 3D foot arch. Foot morphology was only lowly correlated to postural stability, thus a multifaceted program would be required for improvements.

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Foot Morphology in Chinese Adolescents Aged Between 13 to 18 Years Varies by Gender and Age

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

A Cross-Sectional Study of Foot Growth and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters in a Representative Cohort of Schoolchildren from Southern Spain

A Cross-Sectional Study of Foot Growth and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Parameters in a Representative Cohort of Schoolchildren from Southern Spain

Association of height, foot length, and pubertal development in children aged 3–18: a cross-sectional survey in China

The relationship of three‐dimensional foot morphology to clinical assessments and postural stability in adolescent male footballers

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