Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children

Mauch, Marlene; Grau, Stefan; Krauß, Inga; Maiwald, Christian; Horstmann, Thomas

doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.52

Cited by 119 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It was observed that children with severe obesity had the longest feet. These findings are consistent with those of Mauch et al (2008) who reported an increase in foot length and foot width with body mass index. An increase in forefoot width was also observed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY:The growth pattern of children is affected by anthropometric dimensions. This study was aimed to investigate anthropometric factors related to growth of preschool children of a sample population in Iran. This study was performed in year 2011 on 1320 of 4-7 years old preschool children in Arak. To classify, body mass index (BMI), height and weight were recorded. The four contact points (head, back, buttocks, and heels) were maintained against the spine of the stadiometer during measurement. The head was positioned in the Frankfurt plane, and the sliding bar was lowered the crown of the head. Height was measured and recorded by the researchers. A pair of manual calibrated Seca scales was used to measure body mass in kilograms. The participants were least dressed in the uniform. We have classified BMI to four groups as group1, BMI with 10.75-15 and group 2, 3, 4 with 15.1-17 and 17.1-20, 20.1-22.5, respectively. Foot length was recorded as the distance from the posterior aspect of the heel to the most distal aspect of the longest toe. Foot length was measured with subjects standing upright using a foot board, a plastic device with calibrated lineation (in centimeters and millimeters). Analysis showed that sex neither affect on BMI nor foot measurements. The present findings contribute to the understanding of the effect of body mass on the structural development of the pediatric foot and musculoskeletal system. Excessive body mass seems to lead to increased foot length and width.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

et al. 2015

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] This flatter foot appearance has been assumed to be a function of lowered arches within the feet, which, in turn, may lead to musculoskeletal disorders and pain in the back and lower limbs of obese children and adolescents. 6,7 There is growing debate in the literature, however, as to whether this flatter foot structure does actually constitute lowered arches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are the feet of obese children fat or flat? Revisiting the debate

2010

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Objective: There is debate as to the effects of obesity on the developing feet of children. We aimed to determine whether the flatter foot structure characteristic of obese primary school-aged children was due to increased medial midfoot plantar fat pad thickness (fat feet) or due to structural lowering of the longitudinal arch (flat feet). Methods and procedures: Participants were 75 obese children (8.3±1.1 years, 26 boys, BMI 25.2±3.6 kg m À2 ) and 75 age-and sex-matched non-obese children (8.3 ± 0.9 years, BMI 15.9 ± 1.4 kg m À2 ). Height, weight and foot dimensions were measured with standard instrumentation. Medial midfoot plantar fat pad thickness and internal arch height were quantified using ultrasonography. Results: Obese children had significantly greater medial midfoot fat pad thickness relative to the leaner children during both non-weight bearing (5.4 and 4.6 mm, respectively; Po0.001) and weight bearing (4.7 and 4.3 mm, respectively; Po0.001). The obese children also displayed a lowered medial longitudinal arch height when compared to their leaner counterparts (23.5 and 24.5 mm, respectively; P ¼ 0.006). Conclusion: Obese children had significantly fatter and flatter feet compared to normal weight children. The functional and clinical relevance of the increased fatness and flatness values for the obese children remains unknown.

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“…Furthermore, this study did not control for genetic and physical activity which are confounding to the results. 20 In conclusion, overweight children have greater risk of developing flatfoot than underweight children and normal weight children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Relationship between Nutritional Status and Flat Foot in Children

Fung¹,

Ismiarto²,

Mayasari³

2017

amj

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Background: Pediatric flatfoot has been reported as the highest clinical complains for foot problems in pediatric department. Nutritional status has showed great influence on the occurrence of flat foot. There are many debates regarding whether underweight or overweight children are more prone to flatfoot. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and flatfoot in children. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from July to October 2015 in 3 primary schools in Kecamatan Jatinangor. There were 259 children of grade 4 to 5 included in this study. Flatfoot screening was based on measurement of footprint and calculation using Chippaux-smirak index (CSI). The height and weight of children were measured to obtain their Body Mass Index (BMI). Nutritional status was classified based on CDC BMI-for-age growth charts. Analysis was done using chi-square test. Results: There was significant association between nutritional status and flatfoot with p value<0.001.The prevalence of flatfoot in children grade 4to5is40%. When compared to the normal weight children, the overweight children showed prevalence ratio of 1.97(95% CI:1.47 to 2.64) while the underweight children showed prevalence ratio of 1.34 (95% CI:1.78 to 2.25).This stated that the risk of developing flat foot was higher in overweight children. Conclusions: There is significant association between nutritional status with children grade4 to 5.

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Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children

Cited by 119 publications

References 27 publications

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

Effects of Anthropometric Factors on Foot Size in Normal Preschool Children of Iran

Are the feet of obese children fat or flat? Revisiting the debate

Relationship between Nutritional Status and Flat Foot in Children

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