Foot progression angle estimation using a single foot-worn inertial sensor

Wouda, Frank J.; Jaspar, Stephan L. J. O.; Harlaar, Jaap; Beijnum, Bert-Jan van; Veltink, Petrus H.

doi:10.1186/s12984-021-00816-4

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Additionally, only a single short-term motor learning session was performed with a short washout time and thus further research is needed to explore long-term learning and FPA gait modification adoption as a new motor task [45]- [47]. Finally, it should be noted that FPA estimation in environments with magnetic distortion could be affected and that recent research has proposed new FPA algorithms that do not rely on magnetometer data [48], [49], which could allow for FPA training to be performed in environments that contain magnetic distortions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Real-Time Haptic Biofeedback Foot Progression Angle Gait Modification to Assess Short-Term Retention and Cognitive Demand

Shull¹,

Xia

Charlton

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.

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Foot progression angle gait (FPA) modification is an important part of rehabilitation for a variety of neuromuscular and musculoskeletal diseases. While wearable haptic biofeedback could enable FPA gait modification for more widespread use than traditional tethered, laboratory-based approaches, retention, and cognitive demand in FPA gait modification via wearable haptic biofeedback are currently unknown and may be important to reallife implementation. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of wearable haptic biofeedback to assess short-term retention and cognitive demand during FPA gait modification. Ten healthy participants performed toe-in (target 10 degrees change in internal rotation) and toe-out (target 10 degrees change in external rotation) haptic gait training trials followed by shortterm retention trials, and cognitive multitasking trials. Results showed that participants were able to initially respond to the wearable haptic feedback to modify their FPA to adopt the new toe-in (9.7±0.8 degree change in internal rotation) and toe-out (8.9±1.0 degree change in external rotation) gait patterns. Participants retained the modified gait pattern on average within 3.9±3.6 deg of the final haptic gait training FPA values. Furthermore, cognitive multitasking did not influence short-term retention in that there were no differences in gait performance during retention trials with or without cognitive multitasking. These results demonstrate that wearable haptic biofeedback can be used to assess short-term retention and cognitive demand during FPA gait modification without the need for traditional, tethered systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wearable Real-Time Haptic Biofeedback Foot Progression Angle Gait Modification to Assess Short-Term Retention and Cognitive Demand

Shull¹,

Xia

Charlton

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng.

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“…A significant difference of 2.7 degrees between the systems was found when performing the gait modification strategies. A similar study found a comparable difference in FPA of 2.6 degrees between a foot-worn inertial sensor and a motion capture system [20]. It is unclear whether the location of the IMU in detecting deformation of the foot (when loading in extreme positions) could have caused a varus or valgus effect on the FPA.…”

Section: Validitymentioning

confidence: 93%

Reliability and Validity of IMU-Based Foot Progression Angle Measurement under Different Gait Retraining Strategies

et al. 2022

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Load modifying gait retraining strategies, such as changing the foot progression angle (FPA) to toe-in and toe-out gait, are used for people with medial knee osteoarthritis. The FPA can be measured using a pressure sensitive walkway (PSW), but inertial measurement units (IMUs) are considered more suitable for clinical use. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of an IMU system, to measure FPA under different gait retraining strategies. Twenty healthy participants walked a 10-m-long path using different gait strategies (natural (2), toe-out gait (1), toe-in gait (1)) during four 90-s trials. FPA was measured simultaneously with IMUs and a PSW, the latter considered the reference standard. There was good and excellent reliability for the IMUs and PSW FPA measurements, respectively (ICC: IMU, 0.89; PSW, 0.97). Minimal detectable change (MDC) was 4.5° for the IMUs and 2.7° for the PSW. Repeated measures ANOVA indicated a significant effect of gait type on FPA (p < 0.001), but not the measurement instrument (p = 0.875). Bland–Altman plots demonstrated the good agreement of both systems for the baseline condition, though the IMUs seemed to consistently overestimate the FPA value compared to the PSW. In conclusion, IMUs are a reliable and valid measurement system for measuring FPA under different gait retraining strategies. The differences between the systems are significant for all gait strategies, so the systems should not be used interchangeably.

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“…Gait retraining to achieve this has been successful 76 , but feedback is required for an individual to sustain new walking styles. Wouda et al 77 used a single foot-worn IMU and a dedicated algorithm to calculate walking direction and real-time Foot Progression Angle (FPA). In a study by Xia et al 78 , the FPA sensor was built into the sole of the shoe, and together with a haptic device (vibrator), they showed that participants could control FPA very precisely (within 3 ) on a treadmill.…”

Section: Wearablesmentioning

confidence: 99%