Foot Reflexology: An Intervention for Pain and Nausea Among Inpatients With Cancer

Anderson, Kristen D.; Downey, Marty

doi:10.1188/21.cjon.539-545

“…Psychological pain was often ignored in clinical practice, but in the study of patients, psychological pain often caused the pain of clinical organisms. With the significant improvement of inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress reaction at the focus [ 16 ], gastrointestinal spasms and abnormal excitation of sympathetic nerves in patients further led to the occurrence of malnutrition in the body, forming a vicious circle, which had a negative impact on the prognosis of patients [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes of Intestinal Flora and Its Relationship with Nutritional Status for Patients with Cancer Pain

Zhang

¹

,

Zhu

²

,

Wang

³

et al. 2022

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

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Objective. To study the changes in the intestinal flora and its relationship with nutritional status for patients with cancer pain. Methods. A prospective research method was adopted. One hundred twenty cancer patients with cancer pain were selected as the research objects, who were treated in our hospital from June 2019 to June 2020, and 120 cancer patients without cancer pain were selected as the control group, who were treated in the same period. The differences of the intestinal flora and nutritional status of patients with different severity between the observation group and the control group were compared to analyze the changes of intestinal flora in patients with cancer pain and its correlation with nutritional status. Results. Hemoglobin (HB) ( t = 17.141 , p ≤ 0.001 ), albumin (ALB) ( t = 27.654 , p ≤ 0.001 ), prealbumin (PAB) ( t = 96.192 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and total protein (TP) ( t = 18.781 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in HB ( f = 13.569 , p ≤ 0.001 ), ALB ( f = 22.229 , p ≤ 0.001 ), PAB ( f = 19.521 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and TP ( f = 21.451 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. Through these two comparisons, their nutritional indicators showed a significant downward trend with the increase in the severity for cancer pain patients; the levels of Lactobacillus ( t = 2.124 , p = 0.035 ), Bifidobacterium ( t = 4.823 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( t = 3.578 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( t = 2.394 , p = 0.017 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of Lactobacillus ( f = 20.643 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Bifidobacterium ( f = 19.129 , p ≤ 0.001 ), Enterococcus ( f = 17.408 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and Eubacterium ( f = 22.343 , p ≤ 0.001 ) among patients with cancer pain of different severity. After pairwise comparison, their beneficial intestinal bacteria were significantly lower than those in the control group with the increase in pain in cancer pain patients. Nitric oxide (NO) ( t = 8.418 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-3 ( t = 14.043 , p ≤ 0.001 ), occludin (OCLN) ( t = 47.308 , p ≤ 0.001 ), galectin-1 ( t = 15.298 , p ≤ 0.001 ), zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1) ( t = 23.093 , p ≤ 0.001 ), and cingulin ( t = 340.198 , p ≤ 0.001 ) in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There were statistically significant differences in NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin for patients with cancer pain of different severity. By comparison, the NO, galectin-3, OCLN, galectin-1, ZO-1, and cingulin of the patients showed a significant downward trend with the aggravation of cancer pain symptoms. Through correlation analysis, the nutritional indicators of patients were positively correlated with intestinal microorganisms and intestinal barrier function. Conclusion. There was a significant correlation between the changes in intestinal flora and nutritional status for patients with cancer pain, which could be used as an important basis for improving the treatment of cancer pain.

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“…[21–33] Seven studies reported the blinding of outcome assessment, [21,23,26,27,29,30,33] and the rest were unclear. For other sources of bias, 2 were high-risk, [25,26] 7 were unclear, [21,22,24,28,31–33] and the rest were low-risk.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22] Five studies reported the allocation concealment method [21,23,26,29,30] while 8 did not. [22,24,25,27,28,[31][32][33] Because the intervention measures were difficult to conceal, the blinding of participants and personnel was at high risk. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Seven studies reported the blinding of outcome assessment, [21,23,26,27,29,30,33] and the rest were unclear.…”

Section: Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massage therapy can effectively relieve cancer pain: A meta-analysis

Zhang

¹

,

Wang

²

,

Ma

³

et al. 2023

Medicine

9

0

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Background: To critically evaluate the effects of massage therapy on cancer pain. Methods: Nine Chinese and English databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, SCOPUS, Web of Science core, China Biomedical Literature Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and VIP) were systematically searched from the inception of databases to November 2022 for randomized controlled trials. According to Cochrane Collaboration, 2 reviewers independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data from the included studies. All analyses were performed with Review Manager 5.4. Results: Thirteen randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis, containing 1000 patients (498 in the massage therapy group and 502 in the control group). Massage therapy could significantly relieve cancer pain in patients (standardized mean difference = −1.16, 95% confidence interval [−1.39, −0.93], P < .00001), especially those in the perioperative period and those with hematological malignancies. Foot reflexology and hand acupressure had a moderate effect on cancer pain relief, with hand acupressure being more effective. Massage duration of 10 to 30 minutes and a program length of ≥1 week had a better effect and could significantly relieve pain. The occurrence of adverse events was reported in 4 of the 13 studies, all of which were no adverse events. Conclusions: Massage therapy can be used as a complementary alternative therapy to relieve cancer pain in patients with hematological malignancies, breast cancer, and cancers of the digestive system. It is suggested that chemotherapy patients use foot reflexology, and perioperative period patients use hand acupressure. A massage duration of 10 to 30 minutes and a program length of ≥1 week is recommended to achieve better effects.

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“…30 Anderson and Downey studied the effect of foot reflexology massage on pain for inpatients with cancer and found that foot reflexology massage reduced pain. 31 Miladinia et al showed that massage ameliorated the symptoms of adult patients with acute leukemia, in a survey with the goal of examining the impact of quick stroke back massage on symptom collection. 15 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Thai Massage on the Severity of Pain in Patients with Unstable Angina: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Khalili

¹

,

Molavynejad

²

,

Adineh

³

et al. 2022

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Introduction: Chest pain is an unpleasant and the most common symptom in patients suffering from unstable angina. This study was implemented to investigate the effect of Thai massage on severity of pain in patients with unstable angina. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that carried out on 70 patients with unstable angina who had been hospitalized in hospital affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. The participants were allocated randomly to either the intervention (n=35) or control group (n=35) between August 1, 2016 and April 30, 2017. The patients in the intervention group received routine care beside and Thai massage with the duration of 30 minutes in two consecutive days. The patients in the control group received routine care. The intensity of pain was assessed by using the numeric rating scale, five minutes before and immediately, 15, 30 and 60 minutes after the intervention. The independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analysis data through SPSS 13. Results: After the intervention, the severity of pain was significantly diminished by about four measurement points (P=0.001) with the linear pattern of pain reduction. Nonetheless, in the control group, no statistically significant difference in the intensity of pain was found. Conclusion: This study showed that Thai massage as non-invasive approach, concomitant with standard nursing care, has the potential to decrease chest pain. Nurses should be taught about pain relief methods for improving the quality of patient care.

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Foot Reflexology: An Intervention for Pain and Nausea Among Inpatients With Cancer

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Changes of Intestinal Flora and Its Relationship with Nutritional Status for Patients with Cancer Pain

Changes of Intestinal Flora and Its Relationship with Nutritional Status for Patients with Cancer Pain

Massage therapy can effectively relieve cancer pain: A meta-analysis

The Effect of Thai Massage on the Severity of Pain in Patients with Unstable Angina: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

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