Foot ulcers associated with external trauma among people with diabetes: An integrative review of the origin of trauma and outcomes

Clinical, microbiological and inflammatory markers of severe diabetic foot infections

“…Puncture wounds were the most frequently reported trauma leading to foot complications in a recent review. 17 These types of wounds in patients with diabetes were associated with osteomyelitis, need for surgery and amputations at a higher rate than in patients without diabetes. 18 Puncture injury inoculates the bacteria directly inside the foot and can reach the compartments in cases of plantar lesions.…”

“…Puncture wounds were also significantly associated with severe infections in the univariate analysis ( p < 0.01). Puncture wounds were the most frequently reported trauma leading to foot complications in a recent review 17 . These types of wounds in patients with diabetes were associated with osteomyelitis, need for surgery and amputations at a higher rate than in patients without diabetes 18 .…”

The reported external traumas among people with diabetes‐related foot ulcers and their outcomes: A systematic review of case reports

“…This systematic review of case reports has expanded knowledge of the external traumas that contribute to the development of foot ulcers among adults with diabetes and built on the findings of an earlier review. 8 Foot ulcers are mainly initiated in the home environment among people with diabetes compared with those without diabetes. 108 This systematic review has identified that the main risks occur within the home environment including during sleep through to outside activities such as swimming and holiday activities.…”

“…Ulcers that developed from trauma sustained during sleeping were from animal bites and these animals were pets or rodents, supporting our previous claim that the cultural context and/or the socio-demographic profile determine/s the origins of external trauma contributing to foot ulcers. 8 Indeed, pet bites were all reported from very high Human Development Index countries, whereas rodent bites occurred in low, medium Human Development Index countries or rural or poor urban areas of very high and The total n of outcomes is more than six because some patients had more than one ulcer. Two patients developed recurrent foot ulcers (burns) after 27 and 43 months, but the outcome was not reported.…”

“…In a recent integrative review of primary research publications the causes of foot ulcer development following trauma among people with diabetes were examined. 8 The review suggested that foot care prevention programs can highlight the origins of external traumas as examples to alert people with diabetes to possible risks that they can avoid. It was noted that the reported traumas were mainly in the patient's home environment, and reflected the cultural context .…”