The lomes þat y labore with and lyflode deserue Is paternoster and my primer, placebo and dirige, And my sauter som tyme and my seuene p [s]almes.
- Piers PlowmanThe account of Paul's conversion in Acts 9, as well as the use of that experience in Acts 22 and 26, established both a model for and the terms of Christian conversion as a moment in a human life when God manifested himself and produced a radical change in a believer. The many accounts of conversion that can be found in medieval texts, especially in early hagiography and in later accounts of men and women who chose to leave the world for a vowed life, replicate that Pauline model, which presents conversion as catalyzed by a divine intervention, that, in turn, prompts a movement from one type of life and set of assumptions to another. But what about less extraordinary conversions? Were there ways of thinking about conversion as something other than leaving the world? What was the language of conversion for a lay person within a Christian community? To "convert" (convertere) is to turn around; both the word and the concept suffuse seven Penitential Psalms that David supposedly composed to express his contrition for his double sins of adultery and murder. In the above quotation from Piers Plowman, Will designates these seven Penitential Psalms as "tools" that he uses in the labor of intercessory prayer, "saying" them for both the living and the dead. These seven psalms (in the Vulgate, Psalms 6,31,37,50,101, 129, 142) had been isolated as a unit by Cassiodorus and by the time of Innocent III's papacy (1198 -1216) were specifically recommended for Lenten recitation. They could be recited to lessen time in purgatory for the dead and to help the living avoid sin. First used to augment monastic private devotion,