Foraging behaviour by parasitoids in multiherbivore communities

Rijk, Marjolein de; Dicke, Marcel; Poelman, Erik H.

doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.034

Cited by 109 publications

(123 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…However, herbivores may also provide indirect net benefits to their putative competitors (Kaplan andDenno 2007, Gross 2008), and such cases are increasingly documented (Anderson et al 2009, Soler et al 2012, McKenzie et al 2013, Foote et al 2017). Given the ubiquity of diverse herbivore communities in nature (Kaplan and Denno 2007, De Rijk et al 2013, Stam et al 2014, this pattern of plant and predator-mediated "apparent commensalism" (sensu Holt 1977, Abrams et al 1998) may commonly define herbivore community structure across diverse field environments. However, in the absence of the third trophic level in a greenhouse, caterpillars limited aphid growth, ostensibly via chemical defense induction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in other cases, herbivores can disrupt plant defenses to the indirect benefit of competitors (reviewed in Denno et al 1995), due to biochemical "crosstalk" between defense-signaling pathways associated with different herbivore feeding guilds (Thaler et al 2012). Ecologically diverse guilds of herbivores and pathogens are typical in natural settings; therefore, plants frequently navigate trade-offs in defending against multiple attackers (De Rijk et al 2013, Stam et al 2014. Ecologically diverse guilds of herbivores and pathogens are typical in natural settings; therefore, plants frequently navigate trade-offs in defending against multiple attackers (De Rijk et al 2013, Stam et al 2014.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual‐guild herbivory disrupts predator‐prey interactions in the field

Blubaugh

Asplund

Eigenbrode

et al. 2018

Ecology

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Plant defenses often mediate whether competing chewing and sucking herbivores indirectly benefit or harm one another. Dual-guild herbivory also can muddle plant signals used by specialist natural enemies to locate prey, further complicating the net impact of herbivore-herbivore interactions in naturally diverse settings. While dual-guild herbivore communities are common in nature, consequences for top-down processes are unclear, as chemically mediated tri-trophic interactions are rarely evaluated in field environments. Combining observational and experimental approaches in the open field, we test a prediction that chewing herbivores interfere with top-down suppression of phloem feeders on Brassica oleracea across broad landscapes. In a two-year survey of 52 working farm sites, we found that parasitoid and aphid densities on broccoli plants positively correlated at farms where aphids and caterpillars rarely co-occurred, but this relationship disappeared at farms where caterpillars commonly co-occurred. In a follow-up experiment, we compared single and dual-guild herbivore communities at four local farm sites and found that caterpillars (P. rapae) caused a 30% reduction in aphid parasitism (primarily by Diaeretiella rapae), and increased aphid colony (Brevicoryne brassicae) growth at some sites. Notably, in the absence of predators, caterpillars indirectly suppressed, rather than enhanced, aphid growth. Amid considerable ecological noise, our study reveals a pattern of apparent commensalism: herbivore-herbivore facilitation via relaxed top-down suppression. This work suggests that enemy-mediated apparent commensalism may override constraints to growth induced by competing herbivores in field environments, and emphasizes the value of placing chemically mediated interactions within their broader environmental and community contexts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual‐guild herbivory disrupts predator‐prey interactions in the field

Blubaugh

Asplund

Eigenbrode

et al. 2018

Ecology

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“…The presence of multiple herbivore species may have a negative effect on the ability of parasitoids to locate suitable host species, either due to non-specificity of signals (homing in on the 'wrong' host) or due to chemical 'noise' (cannot smell the wood for the trees) [37]. The multi-generational effects of this kind of interference of parasitoid searching efficiency have been studied both theoretically and experimentally and have been shown to be a strong mechanism for stabilising host-parasitoid dynamics of species that are highly extinction-prone when isolated from the community [38][39][40].…”

Section: Ecological Complexitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant-modified trophic interactions

Veen

2015

Current Opinion in Insect Science

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Plants can modify the interactions between herbivorous insects and their natural enemies in various ways. Chemical defences from the plants against herbivores may in fact harm the latter's natural enemies, thereby weakening the trophic interaction. On the other hand, volatile chemicals produced by the plant in response to herbivory may attract natural enemies, thereby strengthening the interaction. Recent research shows that effects of plants on insect interactions are not curious phenomena confined to a few specialist species but rather that they are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and often involve complex interactions among many species. The major challenge now is to study how the commonly reported shortterm effects of plants affect long term dynamics of insect interactions in the context of complex natural communities. IntroductionThe interactions between predators and their prey and parasitoids and their hosts have always been central to the interests of ecologists: they are fundamental to our understanding of population dynamics, community structure, and the (co-)evolution of many behavioural, morphological and physiological traits. As well as being of such broad fundamental interest, the application of trophic interactions in biological control means that they are of economic and food-security importance too. Among insects, trophic interactions more often than not take place on the food plant of the herbivorous prey/host. It is now clear that the plants are often far more than a passive arena on which these interactions take place and they can have major effects on the strength of trophic interactions among insects through two broad mechanisms ( Figure 1): first, plant defences that are deflected by the herbivores unto their own enemies, reducing the strength of the trophic interaction; second, plants producing volatile chemicals in response to herbivory which facilitate host/prey detection by natural enemies, and thus increase the strength of the interaction.These effects of plants on herbivore -natural enemy interactions can be considered in the conceptual framework of 'trait-mediated indirect effects' [1,2]. In the context of the above two mechanisms, this means that a plant indirectly affects the population growth rate of the natural enemy by affecting a herbivore trait (toxicity), and/or indirectly affects herbivore population growth rate by affecting a natural enemy trait (search efficiency). In either case the interaction between herbivore and natural enemy is modified and trait-mediated indirect effects are therefore also known as 'interaction modifications' [3]. These effects can have widespread consequences, affecting population dynamics, the co-existence of species and even the trophic network structure of ecological communities [4,5]. Given the dominance of plants and insects in biomass and biodiversity, plant-modified trophic interactions could therefore play a key role in terrestrial ecosystems. In this review I will focus on recent new evidence for these interaction modifications and I ...

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“…These interactions may alter cues that are used for food plant recognition, and/or assessment of its nutritional quality. Likewise, other herbivores and microorganisms may also interfere with the foraging behaviour of natural enemies of insect herbivores and, through the host plant, change the nutritional quality of their host or prey [7][8][9]. Most studies on tritrophic interactions involving plants, insect herbivores and their natural enemies examine these using plants that are in the vegetative state.…”

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confidence: 98%