Foraging ecology of a winter breeder, the Fiordland penguin

Poupart, Timothée; Waugh, Susan M.; Bost, Charles A.; Kato, Akira; Miskelly, Colin M.; Rogers, Karyne M.; Arnould, John P. Y.

doi:10.3354/meps12910

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This explains why the optimal timing for breeding differs between the two species despite the proximity of their colonies. The shift in phenology of Fiordland penguins was made possible by the locally abundant spawning Arrow squid and fish prey resources around the west coast of the South Island at the end of winter/beginning of spring [ 34 , 69 ]. When the squid availability decreases in the summer months [ 70 ], Fiordland penguins enter their non-breeding season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to this, it is less likely that Fiordland penguins adopted earlier breeding because of interspecific competition with Snares penguins driving temporal niche partitioning. It may simply be that foraging and/or breeding conditions are better for them in early spring [ 70 ], and allochrony arose from different timings in optimal conditions for breeding at mainland New Zealand [ 69 ] and the Snares Islands [ 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of allochrony in influencing interspecific differences in foraging distribution during the non-breeding season between two congeneric crested penguin species

et al. 2022

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Mechanisms promoting coexistence between closely related species are fundamental for maintaining species diversity. Mechanisms of niche differentiation include allochrony which offsets the peak timing of resource utilisation between species. Many studies focus on spatial and temporal niche partitioning during the breeding season, few have investigated the role allochrony plays in influencing interspecific segregation of foraging distribution and ecology between congeneric species during the non-breeding season. We investigated the non-breeding migrations of Snares (Eudyptes robustus) and Fiordland penguins (Eudyptes pachyrhynchus), closely related species breeding between 100–350 km apart whose migration phenology differs by two months. Using light geolocation tracking, we examined the degree of overlap given the observed allochrony and a hypothetical scenario where the species commence migration simultaneously. We found that Fiordland penguins migrated to the Sub-Antarctic Frontal Zone and Polar Frontal Zone in the austral autumn whereas Snares penguins disperse westwards staying north of the Sub-Tropical Front in the austral winter. Our results suggest that allochrony is likely to be at the root of segregation because the relative profitability of the different water masses that the penguins forage in changes seasonally which results in the two species utilising different areas over their core non-breeding periods. Furthermore, allochrony reduces relatively higher levels of spatiotemporal overlap during the departure and arrival periods, when the close proximity of the two species’ colonies would cause the birds to congregate in similar areas, resulting in high interspecific competition just before the breeding season. Available evidence from other studies suggests that the shift in phenology between these species has arisen from adaptive radiation and phenological matching to the seasonality of local resource availability during the breeding season and reduced competitive overlap over the non-breeding season is likely to be an incidental outcome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of allochrony in influencing interspecific differences in foraging distribution during the non-breeding season between two congeneric crested penguin species

et al. 2022

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“…Some information exists on aspects of the behaviour and ecology of this species at the nest during the breeding season, such as descriptions of chick rearing and nesting success (Eriksson et al 1990, Rizzolo et al 2015. However, there is a lack of information on foraging behaviour and water depth usage compared to other, better studied species (Grémillet et al 1998, Linnebjerg et al 2014, Amelineau et al 2019, Poupart et al 2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial and temporal variation in foraging of breeding red‐throated divers

Duckworth

O'Brien

Petersen

et al. 2021

Journal of Avian Biology

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Differing environmental conditions can have profound effects on many behaviours in animals, especially where species have large geographic ranges. Seasonal changes or progression through life history stages impose differential constraints, leading to changes in behaviours. Furthermore, species which show flexibility in behaviours, may have a higher capacity to adapt to anthropogenic‐induced changes to their environment. The red‐throated diver (RTD) is an aquatic bird, that is able to forage in both freshwater and marine environments, though little else is known about its behaviours and its capacity to adapt to different environmental conditions. Here, we use time‐depth recorders and saltwater immersion loggers to examine the foraging behaviour of RTDs from three regions across northwest Europe. We found that in the breeding season, birds from two regions (Iceland and Scotland) foraged in the marine environment, while birds from Finland, foraged predominantly in freshwater. Most of the differences in diving characteristics were at least partly explained by differences in foraging habitat. Additionally, while time spent foraging did not change through the breeding season, dives generally became more pelagic and less benthic over the season, suggesting RTDs either switched prey or followed vertical prey movements, rather than increasing foraging effort. There was a preference for foraging in daylight over crepuscular hours, with a stronger effect at two of the three sites. Overall, we provide the first investigation of RTD foraging and diving behaviour from multiple geographic regions and demonstrate variation in foraging strategies in this generalist aquatic predator, most likely due to differences in their local environment.

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“…Migrating animals must pass by predators encountered en route to reach their destination-for example, anadromous fish migrating through rivers must pass by relatively stationary predators to reach the ocean (Dalton, Ellis, & Post, 2009;Furey et al, 2016). Many animals, such as ants, bats and penguins, make directional foraging or commuting trips upon which they may encounter predators (Fewell, 1990;Poupart et al, 2019;Ripperger, Kalko, Rodríguez-Herrera, Mayer, & Tschapka, 2015). Relevant over many spatial and temporal scales, animals moving towards destinations with a purpose (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%