Force and complexity of tongue task training influences behavioral measures of motor learning

Kothari, Mohit; Svensson, Peter; Huo, Xueliang; Ghovanloo, Maysam

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00894.x

Cited by 23 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In this study,[30] capsaicin was applied directly on the effector (tongue) that applied force on a lever. During the execution of this type of tasks, increased level of pain during practice have been reported [54]. As a result, the difference in motor behaviour might reflect a strategy to minimize pain (such as undershooting or decreasing the duration of the effort).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tonic Pain on Motor Acquisition and Retention while Learning to Reach in a Force Field

et al. 2014

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Most patients receiving intensive rehabilitation to improve their upper limb function experience pain. Despite this, the impact of pain on the ability to learn a specific motor task is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of experimental tonic pain interferes with the acquisition and retention stages of motor learning associated with training in a reaching task. Twenty-nine healthy subjects were randomized to either a Control or Pain Group (receiving topical capsaicin cream on the upper arm during training on Day 1). On two consecutive days, subjects made ballistic movements towards two targets (NEAR/FAR) using a robotized exoskeleton. On Day 1, the task was performed without (baseline) and with a force field (adaptation). The adaptation task was repeated on Day 2. Task performance was assessed using index distance from the target at the end of the reaching movement. Motor planning was assessed using initial angle of deviation of index trajectory from a straight line to the target. Results show that tonic pain did not affect baseline reaching. Both groups improved task performance across time (p<0.001), but the Pain group showed a larger final error (under-compensation) than the Control group for the FAR target (p = 0.030) during both acquisition and retention. Moreover, a Group x Time interaction (p = 0.028) was observed on initial angle of deviation, suggesting that subjects with Pain made larger adjustments in the feedforward component of the movement over time. Interestingly, behaviour of the Pain group was very stable from the end of Day 1 (with pain) to the beginning of Day 2 (pain-free), indicating that the differences observed could not solely be explained by the impact of pain on immediate performance. This suggests that if people learn to move differently in the presence of pain, they might maintain this altered strategy over time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Tonic Pain on Motor Acquisition and Retention while Learning to Reach in a Force Field

et al. 2014

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“…Several recent studies have focused on our ability to improve oral motor performance during various oral motor tasks . These studies have primarily investigated the effects of the repeated performance of the task on behavioural learning and skill acquisitions during well‐coordinated oral motor tasks.…”

Section: Oral Motor Skill Acquisition and Training‐induced Neuroplastmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The training involved repetition of the task for as much as 1 hour daily for a week to 1 hour for a day or as little as 15 minutes during a single session . Further, studies have also investigated the influence of complexity of the task, effect of visual observational conditions, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the performance of tongue motor tasks. The results have shown an increase in performance of the behavioural task in healthy individuals as well as patients with brain injury .…”

Section: Training‐induced Neuroplasticity In Corticomotor Control Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further, studies have also investigated the influence of complexity of the task, effect of visual observational conditions, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the performance of tongue motor tasks. The results have shown an increase in performance of the behavioural task in healthy individuals as well as patients with brain injury . The studies have also shown an increased representation of the tongue muscles in the cortex after training .…”

Section: Training‐induced Neuroplasticity In Corticomotor Control Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bite or brain: Implication of sensorimotor regulation and neuroplasticity in oral rehabilitation procedures

Kumar

Kothari

Grigoriadis

et al. 2018

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Tooth loss, decreased mass and strength of the masticatory muscles leading to difficulty in chewing have been suggested as important determinants of eating and nutrition in the elderly. To compensate for the loss of teeth, in particular, a majority of the elderly rely on dental prosthesis for chewing. Chewing function is indeed an important aspect of oral health, and therefore, oral rehabilitation procedures should aim to restore or maintain adequate function. However, even if the possibilities to anatomically restore lost teeth and occlusion have never been better; conventional rehabilitation procedures may still fail to optimally restore oral functions. Perhaps this is due to the lack of focus on the importance of the brain in the rehabilitation procedures. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review was to discuss the importance of maintaining or restoring optimum chewing function in the superageing population and to summarise the emerging studies on oral motor task performance and measures of cortical neuroplasticity induced by systematic training paradigms in healthy participants. Further, brain imaging studies in patients undergoing or undergone oral rehabilitation procedures will be discussed. Overall, this information is believed to enhance the understanding and develop better rehabilitative strategies to exploit training-induced cortical neuroplasticity in individuals affected by impaired oral motor coordination and function. Training or relearning of oral motor tasks could be important to optimise masticatory performance in dental prosthesis users and may represent a much-needed paradigm shift in the approach to oral rehabilitation procedures.

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“…The TDS system was used as a platform to play the computer games in the current study . For TDS, a small disc‐shaped magnet (5 mm × 1·3 mm) (10800 Gauss strength) was attached to interdental floss embedded inside a soft putty impression material and secured to the tongue as a magnetic tracer using a tissue adhesive .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on neuroplasticity in corticomotor pathways of the tongue muscles

Kothari

Stubbs

Figlewski

et al. 2017

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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The aim of this study is to investigate effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on neuroplasticity in corticomotor pathways related to tongue muscles evoked by a training task using the tongue drive system (TDS). Using a crossover design, 13 healthy participants completed two sessions of tDCS while performing 30 min of TDS training. Sessions were spaced at least 2 weeks apart and participants randomly received anodal and sham tDCS stimulation in the first session and the other condition in the second session. Single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the tongue at three time-points: before, immediately after and 30 min after training. Participant-based reports of fun, pain, fatigue and motivation, level of difficulty and effort were evaluated on numerical rating scales. There was no consistent significant effect of anodal and sham stimulation on single or paired pulse stimulation MEP amplitude immediately or 30 min after TDS training. Irrespective of tDCS type, training with TDS induced cortical plasticity in terms of increased MEP amplitudes for higher stimulus intensities after 30 min compared with before and immediately after training. Participant-based reports revealed no significant difference between tDCS conditions for level of fun, fatigue, motivation, difficulty and level of effort but a significant increase in pain in the anodal condition, although pain level was low for both conditions. In conclusion, tongue MEP amplitudes appear to be sensitive to training with the tongue using TDS; however, anodal tDCS does not have an impact on training-evoked neuroplasticity of tongue corticomotor pathways.

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Force and complexity of tongue task training influences behavioral measures of motor learning

Cited by 23 publications

References 39 publications

Effect of Tonic Pain on Motor Acquisition and Retention while Learning to Reach in a Force Field

Effect of Tonic Pain on Motor Acquisition and Retention while Learning to Reach in a Force Field

Bite or brain: Implication of sensorimotor regulation and neuroplasticity in oral rehabilitation procedures

Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on neuroplasticity in corticomotor pathways of the tongue muscles

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