Force generation from polypyrrole actuators

Spinks, Geoffrey M.; Campbell, Toni E.; Wallace, Gordon G.

doi:10.1088/0964-1726/14/2/015

Cited by 54 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…PPy actuators have also been fabricated, in which the forces created through doping and undoping the CPs are used to produce movements and create artificial muscles (Spinks et al 2005a,b). For bioactuator applications, advantages of CPs include their strength, their ability to function at room or physiological temperatures and their ability to work with liquid electrolytes, such as body fluids (Spinks et al 2005a(Spinks et al ,b, 2006.…”

Section: Bioactuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Ravichandran

Sundarrajan

Venugopal

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

390

253

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Conducting polymers (CPs) have attracted much interest as suitable matrices of biomolecules and have been used to enhance the stability, speed and sensitivity of various biomedical devices. Moreover, CPs are inexpensive, easy to synthesize and versatile because their properties can be readily modulated by (i) surface functionalization techniques and (ii) the use of a wide range of molecules that can be entrapped or used as dopants. This paper discusses the various surface modifications of the CP that can be employed in order to impart physico-chemical and biological guidance cues that promote cell adhesion/proliferation at the polymer-tissue interface. This ability of the CP to induce various cellular mechanisms widens its applications in medical fields and bioengineering.

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Section: Bioactuatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Ravichandran

Sundarrajan

Venugopal

et al. 2010

J. R. Soc. Interface.

390

253

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“…Similarly, polypyrrole fibers exhibited a strong decay in the isometric force generated as the pre-load force increased ( Fig. 3d) [21].…”

Section: Actuation Performance Of Polymer Coil Musclesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Stretchable artificial muscles from coiled polymer fibers

Spinks

2016

J. Mater. Res.

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Soft robots are being developed to mimic the movement of biological organisms and as wearable garments to assist human movement in rehabilitation, training, and tasks encountered in functional daily living. Stretchable artificial muscles are well suited as the active mechanical element in soft wearable robotics, and here the performance of highly stretchable and compliant polymer coil muscles are described and analyzed. The force and displacements generated by a given stimulus are shown to be determined by the external loading conditions and the main material properties of free stroke and stiffness. Spring mechanics and a model based on a single helix are used to evaluate both the coil stiffness and the mechanism of coil actuation. The latter is directly coupled to a torsional actuation in the twisted fiber that forms the coil. The single helix model illustrates how fiber volume changes generate a partial fiber untwist, and spring mechanics shows how this fiber untwist generates large tensile strokes and high gravimetric work outputs in the polymer coil muscles. These analyses highlight possible as yet unexplored means for further enhancing the performance of these systems. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies AbstractSoft robots are being developed to mimic the movement of biological organisms and as wearable garments to assist human movement in rehabilitation, training, and tasks encountered in functional daily living. Stretchable artificial muscles are well suited as the active mechanical element in soft wearable robotics and here the performance of highly stretchable and compliant polymer coil muscles are described and analysed. The force and displacements generated by a given stimulus are shown to be determined by the external loading conditions and the main material properties of free stroke and stiffness. Spring mechanics and a model based on a single helix are used to evaluate both the coil stiffness and the mechanism of coil actuation. The latter is directly coupled to a torsional actuation in the twisted fiber that forms the coil. The single helix model illustrates how fiber volume changes generate a partial fiber untwist and spring mechanics shows how this fiber untwist generates large tensile strokes and high gravimetric work outputs in the polymer coil muscles. These analyses highlight possible as yet unexplored means for further enhancing the performance of these systems.

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“…Once the polypyrrole strips were prepared such as we described above, the mechanical properties of the polypyrrole film were studied by using a universal test frame machine MTS Qtest [11] with a special electrochemical cell, designed and developed in our own laboratory, allowing an "in situ" characterization of the mechanical response of the film immersed in aqueous solution, 1M in lithium chloride LiCl, 1M in lithium perchlorate LiClO 4 or 1M in lithium thrifluoromethanesulfonate LiCF 3 SO 3 respectively. Figure 1 depicts in a schematic manner the system used in this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For decades, several researching groups around the world are involved in the development of mechanical actuators [1][2][3][4], on the basis of the mechanical properties associated with the change in volume during the oxi-reduction processes of conducting polymers when these polymers are subjected to an external and controlled electrical current [5]. Due to the behavior developed by these type of polymers, some researchers called them artificial muscles [6][7], due to their resemblance with natural muscles (in behavior), where a change in volume, current and ions play a crucial role during the contraction/expansion process as in biological muscles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-chemo-mechanical response of a free-standing polypyrrole strip

Vázquez

Otero

Cascales

2008

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Abstract. Further development of mechanical devices based on conducting polymers; require a precise understanding of their mechanical response, i.e. their control, under a controlled external current. In this work, we show some results for the relation between the electrical current consumed in the electrochemical process and the mechanical work developed by a freestanding polypyrrole strip, when it is subjected to a stretching force (stress). Under these conditions, from the results obtained in this work, we observe how it results almost impossible to predict a straight relationship between mechanical work and current consumed in the electrochemical process. In addition, we will quantify the variation of the mechanical properties of the free standing polypyrrole strip associated with the oxidation state of the polymer by measuring its Young's modulus.

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Force generation from polypyrrole actuators

Cited by 54 publications

References 20 publications

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Applications of conducting polymers and their issues in biomedical engineering

Stretchable artificial muscles from coiled polymer fibers

Electro-chemo-mechanical response of a free-standing polypyrrole strip

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