Forces acting on the horses back and the stability of the rider in sitting and rising trot - a comparison

Peham, Christian; Hofmann, Aaron A.; Molsner, Jochen; Borkenhagen, B.; Kuhnke, S.; Baltacis, A.

doi:10.21836/pem20080305

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Such devices have been used to study the influence of the rider on a standing horse (De Cocq et al, 2009b) and to compare forces on the horse's back during sitting trot and rising trot (Peham et al, 2008(Peham et al, , 2009. Although the latter studies did not find significant differences in peak forces, the second peak force in rising trot, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical forces on the horse's back in sitting and rising trot

Cocq¹,

Duncker²,

Clayton³

et al. 2010

Journal of Biomechanics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertical forces on the horse's back in sitting and rising trot

Cocq¹,

Duncker²,

Clayton³

et al. 2010

Journal of Biomechanics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Saddle pressure distribution and saddle force curve pattern are reported to be characteristic for each gait: at walk the force curve showed four (Fruehwirth et al, 2004;Winkelmayr et al, 2006), in more recent investigations six minimum and maximum values per stride (Von Peinen et al, 2009), whereas in the sitting trot a typically m-shaped curve with two maxima and minima was observed (Fruehwirth et al, 2004;Peham et al, 2008;Winkelmayr et al, 2006). It is also known that riding style substantially influences the saddle force pattern within the same gait.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Influence of velocity on horse and rider movement and resulting saddle forces at walk and trot

Bogisch

Peinen

Wiestner

et al. 2014

CEP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To investigate the effect of increasing velocity within one gait on horse and rider movement and to describe the resulting changes in saddle forces, seven ridden dressage horses were examined on an instrumented treadmill. The speed ranged between 1.3-1.8 m/s at walk and 2.6-3.6 m/s at trot. Kinematics of the horse and rider, vertical ground reaction forces and saddle forces were measured simultaneously. Velocity dependency of each variable was assessed for the whole group with linear regression. With increasing velocity, the saddle forces at walk were mainly influenced by the accentuated rocking type of movement and at trot by the higher vertical dynamic and a more rigid horseback which resulted in increased counteracting force between horse and rider. Even small increases of velocity changed the dynamics of the movement pattern of the horse and consequently the forces emerging beneath the saddle: a 10% increase within the indicated speed range resulted in +5% (walk) and +14% (trot) higher total saddle force peaks. Accurate comparison of saddle forces requires speed-matched trials; velocity is therefore a factor which also has to be considered under clinical conditions. IntroductionThe velocity at which a subject is moving within each gait has a fundamental influence on numerous biomechanical variables. In horses, several authors focused their studies on speed-dependent changes in kinetic and kinematic variables and found that increasing velocity reduces stride duration and extends stride length (Clayton, 1994(Clayton, , 1995Dusek et al., 1970;Leach and Drevemo, 1991) and although limb impulses decrease, peak vertical forces increase as a result of reduced relative stance durations (Khumsap et al., 2001a;McLaughlin et al., 1996;Weishaupt et al., 2010). Knowledge of the mathematical functions of these changes enables comparison of individual gait patterns studied at different velocities. On the treadmill, stride duration, stride length and limb impulses change in a linear fashion with increasing velocity, whereas relative stance and suspension duration, as well as peak vertical forces change exponentially . Khumsap et al. (2001bKhumsap et al. ( , 2002 utilised net moment and power of fore-and hindlimb joints to relate ground reaction forces to muscle function and found that with increasing velocity peak moments and power in the joints of the hindlimbs increased, providing more forward propulsion. In the forelimb joints, only minimal velocitydependent changes in net joint energies occurred, indicating that, compared to the hindlimbs, adjustments in muscle activity did not behave in the same way. Increasing velocity also influences back movement. In unridden horses at trot, a reduced flexion-extension movement of the back was observed caused by increased muscle activity of the trunk muscles (Robert et al. 2001a(Robert et al. ,b, 2002. However, there is no information as to how the movement of the horse's back adapt to increasing velocities at walk. Byström et al. (2009Byström et al. ( , 2010 investigate...

show abstract

“…Several authors have garnered valid information for horse equipment design and fit Byström et al, 2010;Fruehwirth et al, 2004;Hofmann et al, 2006;Kotschwar et al, 2010;Latif et al, 2010;Meschan et al, 2007;Monkemoller et al, 2005;Nyikos et al, 2005;von Peinen et al, 2010;Werner et al, 2002;Winkelmayr et al, 2006). More recently, attempts have been made to use this technology to measure changes in pressure on the horse's back from the rider's seat and legs (Belock et al, 2012;Byström et al, 2009;Byström et al, 2010;Clayton et al, 2013;de Cocq et al, 2008;de Cocq et al, 2009;de Cocq et al, 2010a, de Cocq et al, 2010b, Geutjens et al, 2008Nevison et al, 2011;Nevison and Timmis, 2013;Peham, 2008;Peham et al, 2004;von Peinen et al, 2009).…”

Section: Pressure-sensing Instruments For Use Under Rider And/or Saddlementioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving protocols for research in equitation science

Pierard

Hall

Borstel

et al. 2015

Journal of Veterinary Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Within the emerging discipline of Equitation Science the application of consistent methodology, including robust objective measures, is required for sound scientific evaluation. This report aims to provide an evaluation of current methodology and to propose some initial guidelines for future research. The value of research, especially that involving small sample sizes, can be enhanced by the application of consistent methodology and reporting enabling results to be compared across studies. This paper includes guidelines for experimental design in studies involving the ridden horse. Equine ethograms currently used are reviewed and factors to be considered in the development of a riddenhorse ethogram are evaluated. An assessment of methods used to collect behavioral and physiological data is included and the use of equipment for measurements (e.g., rein-tension and pressure-sensing instruments) is discussed. Equitation science is a new discipline, subject to evolving viewpoints on research foci and design. Technological advances may improve the accuracy and detail of measurements, but must be used within appropriate and valid experimental designs.

show abstract

Forces acting on the horses back and the stability of the rider in sitting and rising trot - a comparison

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Vertical forces on the horse's back in sitting and rising trot

Vertical forces on the horse's back in sitting and rising trot

Influence of velocity on horse and rider movement and resulting saddle forces at walk and trot

Evolving protocols for research in equitation science

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About