Forecasting and communication key elements for low-cost fluvial flooding early warning system in urban areas

Abstract

Fluvial flooding occurs when a river overspills its banks due to excessive rainfall, and it is the most common flood event. In urban areas, the increment of urbanization makes communities more susceptible to fluvial flooding since the excess of impervious surfaces reduced the natural permeable areas. As flood prevention strategies, early warning systems (EWS) are used to reduce damage and protect people, but key elements need to be selected. This manuscript proposes the monitoring instruments, communication protocols, and media to forecast and disseminate EWS alerts efficiently during fluvial floods in urban areas. First, we conducted a systematic review of different EWS architectures for fluvial floods in urban areas and identified that not all projects monitor the most important variables related to the formation of fluvial floods and most use communication protocols with high-energy consumption. ZigBee and LoRaWAN are the communication protocols with lower power consumption from the review, and to determine which technology has better performance in urban areas, two wireless sensor networks were deployed and simulated in two urban areas susceptible to fluvial floods using Radio Mobile software. The results showed that although Zigbee technology has better-received signal strength, the difference with LoRAWAN is lower than 2 dBm, but LoRaWAN has a better signal-to-noise ratio, power consumption, coverage, and deployment cost.

A Smart Framework for Managing Natural Disasters Based on the IoT and ML

“…However, the system needs to include more data analysis for ahead-of-time prediction of a flooding event. Acosta-Coll et al [33] proposed an early warning system that alerts on the potential of floods occurring. The system utilizes the Lora WAN communication protocols for the wireless sensor network.…”

Energy efficient slotted synchronization approach in LoRaWAN

“…Long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) is a one-hope network that consists of end devices connected to the gateway using chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation [1]- [9]. Several studies suggest that LoRaWAN consists of three types of end devices, namely Class A, B, and C [10]- [15].…”