“…In addition, motivated by Baker et al (2016) , Baumeister et al (2022) , Caldara and Iacoviello (2022) , and Baumeister and Hamilton (2019) , we mainly employ four indicators to capture changes in various aspects of global conditions, namely, the global economic policy uncertainty index, global economic conditions index, geopolitical risk index, and world industrial production index. A great number of works have put forward strong evidence of the significant relationship between energy markets and exogenous indicators, including uncertainty indices ( Hong et al, 2022b ; Li, Liang, et al, 2022 ; Liang et al 2020 , 2021 ), climate-related indicators ( Considine, 2000 ; Hong et al, 2022c ; Liang, Umar, et al, 2022 ) and macroeconomic fundamentals ( Doroodian & Boyd, 2003 ; Taghizadeh-Hesary et al, 2016 ; Lacheheb & Sirag, 2019 ). One of these branches of research has focused on crude oil and natural gas markets, while little attention has been given to gasoline and heating oil markets ( Olanipekun et al, 2019 ; Olubusoye et al, 2021 ; Al-Thaqeb et al, 2022 ).…”