“…Researchers tend to work with interval financial data rather than with the raw data firstly because it is more accessible and secondly because less computational processing power is required. As shown in Table 1, researchers use daily (Araújo et al, 2019; Bukhari et al, 2020; Fischer & Krauss, 2018; Garza Sepúlveda et al, 2022; Heryadi & Wibowo, 2021; Pande et al, 2021; Sornmayura, 2019) or hourly (Ali, 2018; Ersan et al, 2020; Jirapongpan & Phumchusri, 2020; Moews et al, 2019; Naeem et al, 2021) integral data over the historical period of interest (usually varying from decades to months) in the form of Japanese candlesticks to train neural networks. For the analysis of intraday trading, five‐minute integral data is usually used (Barra et al, 2020; Chen et al, 2020; Markova, 2022; Mehtab & Sen, 2020; Zhao & Khushi, 2020).…”