2021
DOI: 10.24843/lkjiti.2021.v12.i03.p01
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Forecasting of Sea Level Time Series using RNN and LSTM Case Study in Sunda Strait

Abstract: Sea-level forecasting is essential for coastal development planning and minimizing their signi?cantconsequences in coastal operations, such as naval engineering and navigation. Conventional sealevel predictions, such as tidal harmonic analysis, do not consider the in?uence of non-tidal elementsand require long-term historical sea level data. In this paper, two deep learning approachesare applied to forecast sea level. The ?rst deep learning is Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), andthe second is Long Short Term Me… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(5 citation statements)
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References 20 publications
(32 reference statements)
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“…To determine the model with the best forecasting accuracy, we utilize the coefficient of determination (𝑅 2 ) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) as performance metrics. The coefficient of determination (𝑅 2 ), a commonly used quantitative metric for evaluating a model's predictive capability, ranges from 0 to 1 [10]. The formula for 𝑅 2 is as follows (2-4):…”
Section: Peformance Metricsmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…To determine the model with the best forecasting accuracy, we utilize the coefficient of determination (𝑅 2 ) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) as performance metrics. The coefficient of determination (𝑅 2 ), a commonly used quantitative metric for evaluating a model's predictive capability, ranges from 0 to 1 [10]. The formula for 𝑅 2 is as follows (2-4):…”
Section: Peformance Metricsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In Equation ( 2)-( 4), RSS is Residual Sum of Squares, while TSS represents Total Sum of Squares. Here, 𝑦 𝑖 denotes the individual observed value, 𝑁 represents the total number of data points, and 𝑦 ̂𝑖 represents the predicted value [10].…”
Section: Peformance Metricsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…LSTM architecture tries to overcome the weaknesses in RNN in terms of vanishing gradient [41]. LSTM is usually used in text processing and time series data [42] for predicting sea level. LSTM uses different gates in its architecture, consisting of an input gate, a forget gate and an output gate.…”
Section: Implementation Of the Deep Learning Algorithmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…We used two measurements to evaluate model performance i.e., Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Correlation Coefficient (CC). The formula for calculating the RMSE value is explained in equation ( 5) [28].…”
Section: Performance Measurementmentioning
confidence: 99%