Forecasting the Future of Stroke in the United States

Abstract

Background and Purpose-Stroke is a leading cause of disability, cognitive impairment, and death in the United States and accounts for 1.7% of national health expenditures. Because the population is aging and the risk of stroke more than doubles for each successive decade after the age of 55 years, these costs are anticipated to rise dramatically. The objective of this report was to project future annual costs of care for stroke from 2012 to 2030 and discuss potential cost reduction strategies. Methods and Results-The American Heart Association/American Stroke Association developed methodology to project the future costs of stroke-related care. Estimates excluded costs associated with other cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, coronary heart disease, and congestive heart failure). By 2030, 3.88% of the US population >18 years of age is projected to have had a stroke. Between 2012 and 2030, real (2010$) total direct annual stroke-related medical costs are expected to increase from $71.55 billion to $184.13 billion. Real indirect annual costs (attributable to lost productivity) are projected to rise from $33.65 billion to $56.54 billion over the same period. Overall, total annual costs of stroke are projected to increase to $240.67 billion by 2030, an increase of 129%. Conclusions-These projections suggest that the annual costs of stroke will increase substantially over the next 2 decades.Greater emphasis on implementing effective preventive, acute care, and rehabilitative services will have both medical and societal benefits. Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements ◼ burden of illness ◼ cost of illness ◼ early medical intervention ◼ epidemiology ◼ ethnicity ◼ healthcare reform ◼ projections and predictions ◼ race ◼ sex ◼ thrombolysis, therapeutic ◼ treatment

Cerebral Hemodynamics in Normal Aging: Central Artery Stiffness, Wave Reflection, and Pressure Pulsatility

“…Second, diastolic CBF was lower while total CBF was higher in AIx, augmentation index; B, unstandardized beta coefficient; CI, confidence interval; PWV, pulse wave velocity; R 2 , coefficient of determination. Age, age 2 , and sex were forced to enter sequentially. Stepwise method was used to enter central hemodynamic variables.…”

“…1 With rapid aging of the population, the prevalence of CVD is growing. 2 However, the pathophysiologic mechanism(s), in particular the relation between the risk of CVD and age-related changes in cerebral hemodynamics, remains poorly understood. 3 Age is the most important risk factor for CVD.…”

The burden of neurological disease in theUnitedStates: A summary report and call to action

“…This estimate included the costs of physicians, other health professionals, medications, and other medical durables as well as acute and long-term care, but excluded the cost of other cardiovascular diseases and allied conditions. 17 Lost productivity due to stroke morbidity and mortality added an additional $34.4 billion in indirect costs, yielding an annual total of $109.6 billion in 2014 dollars. By 2030, 3.9% of adults will be living with stroke, and total direct costs are forecast to increase by 157% and indirect costs by 68%, driven largely by the aging of the population.…”

“…By 2030, 3.9% of adults will be living with stroke, and total direct costs are forecast to increase by 157% and indirect costs by 68%, driven largely by the aging of the population. 17 …”

Perceptions of Existing Wearable Robotic Devices for Upper Extremity and Suggestions for Their Development: Findings From Therapists and People With Stroke (Preprint)

“…In USA alone, the direct and indirect cost for stroke rehabilitation is about $36.5 billion per year [1], Between 2012 and 2030, total direct annual stroke-related medical costs are expected to increase from $71.55 billion to $184.13 billion [2]. Furthermore, outcomes from rehabilitation are inconsistent across individuals and recovery is hard to predict.…”