Forecasting the levels of trace elements and heavy metals content in soils of different genesis for the assessment of their environmental and productional functions

Abstract

Grounded the method for predicting of trace elements (TE) and heavy metals (HM) content in the soil system of different genesis were examined on the example of soils in different natural-climatic zones of Ukraine, contaminated soils in Kharkiv, Donetsk and Lugansk regions, and intensive fertilizer (organo-mineral, organic and mineral system of fertilizers) of soils in Kiev, Kharkiv, Poltava and Lviv region. In the developed methodical approach by using the parameters indicators of the energy state of the soil (calorific value of humus, the reserves of energy in the soil layer of 0–20 cm) using mathematical models and the spread of the algorithm of the method on other soil types of a particular natural-climatic zone in the conditions of technogenic pollution and technological load is predicted the TE and/or HM content in soils of different types, which ensures the rapidity of the assessment and improve the accuracy of the trace element status prediction, energy and humus state of soils of different genesis with the identification of soils ecological differences to predict their quality by assessment of ecological functions for the ranking of energy intensity indicators of the soil. Scientific elaboration of a method for predicting levels of chemical elements in soils of different types on the natural environment, the effects of man-made pollution and technological load, should be used in the environmental regulation of the TE content and normalization of loads (technogenic, technological) on the soil system, agroecology on issues of organic farming, bioenergy and energy of soil formation; diagnosis, estimation, prediction of humus quality and the of TE status and the danger of excessive accumulation of HM in the soil for indicators of the energy state; the effective environmental management of soils as in natural conditions, and the influence of various anthropogenic factors, taking into account their ecological functions; in research practice – for system research of natural components of the biosphere, the assessment of carbon sequestration in soils and assess of their quality. Distinctive features and advantages of the proposed elaboration in comparison with known methods and approaches are: greater predictability of energy and trace element status, humus and ecological state of the soil as a whole to prevent the degradation of soil organic matter and reduction of risks of influence of HM technogenic pollution; rapidity of obtaining and improving the accuracy of the predictions of the HM and TE content in the soil; universality way to suitability of the method for all soil types in different climatic zones; stimulating further research in the field of energy of soil formation and solution of practical tasks of conservation and restoration of soils functions, identification optimal energy cost and taking into account the ecological functions of soil certain type.

Improvement of the model of forecasting heavy metals of exhaust gases of motor vehicles in the soil

“…Having determined the decisive influence of permeability and diffusion coefficients on the penetration of heavy metals into the soil, the modeling produced an exponential equation for forecasting the depth of penetration of lead, zinc and manganese into the soil at a known c p /D ratio, surface concentration of components с 1 and under the condition of the stationary process. In the available models [13,18], molecular diffusion and convection transfer methods are considered to predict the propagation of harmful components in the soil. It is proposed to use diffusion transfer since the fraction of convection transfer in this case is insignificant, which greatly simplifies the model and provides accuracy within 5.5-15 %.…”

“…In terms of the curvature nature, the graphs of changes in the concentration of harmful components over the soil depth, constructed according to equation ( 8), correspond to the data of [18], which testifies in favor of correctness of the obtained results.…”

“…In [18], a method of forecasting the levels of heavy metals in soils of different genesis to evaluate their environmental and productive functions is developed. However, the proposed method is based on the linear dependence of heavy metal concentration in soils, and the above works [13][14][15] found that the nature of the concentration curves is nonlinear.…”

“…In contrast to the works [18,19], the obtained equation (8) allows to analytically trace changes in the concentration of harmful components -heavy metals, in depth, provided the stationarity of the considered process. The dependencies shown in Fig.…”

The Influence of the Slope Exposure on the Soil Aggregation and Structure, Water Stability of Aggregates, and Ecological Microstructure Formation of the Ravine Forest Soils in Pre-Dnipro Region (Ukraine)

“…Ukrainian scientists comprehensively and thoroughly investigate the properties of soils, in particular, the selective absorption of heavy metals by soil and humic acids at different pH levels (Miroshnychenko, Kutz, 2016), the coloristic criteria of the S-matrix of brownish ashy gleyed soils of the Pre-Carpathian region (Nikorych, Chervonogrodska, 2016), the issues of diagnostics of elemental soil processes and profile-differentiated soils in the Pre-Carpathian region (Smaga, 2016), and the ecological and evolutionary analysis of the content of lithium in soils (Dmytruk, 2016). They also predict the content of chemical elements in soils of different genesis for assessing the ecological and energy status (Samokhvalova et al, 2016), study soil features of floodplain soils that limit the growth of energy crops (Kholodna, 2016), and assess the antideflationary efficiency of the "No-till" technology in the conditions of the southern steppe of Ukraine (Chornyy, Volosheniuk, 2016). We fully agree with the ideas of Prof. Medvedev, who believes that one of the most important tasks of the state is monitoring of soil cover on the basis of the latest software, mathematical, instrumental, and cartographic principles in compliance with the European experience (Medvedev, 2016).…”