“…FLE, acknowledged as a prominent positive sentiment in L2 education ( Botes et al, 2022 ; Fathi and Hejazi, 2023 ), is characterized as an activating and task-focused emotion ( Pekrun, 2006 ). Numerous studies underscore the central role of FLE in yielding highly favorable educational outcomes, including heightened engagement, increased willingness to communicate (WTC), enhanced L2 proficiency, and reduced L2 anxiety (e.g., Shen, 2021 ; Botes et al, 2022 ; Fathi et al, 2023 ). Additionally, FLE is intimately linked to learners’ creativity, self-efficacy, and self-assessed competence ( Dewaele and Dewaele, 2020 ; Derakhshan and Fathi, 2023 ).…”