Forensic Chemistry

Abstract

Forensic chemistry, the application of chemistry to the law, is used to assist courts in the interpretation of the relevancy of scientific findings obtained from the examination of physical evidence, most of which is organic in nature. Chemical forensic testing, which may involve forensic toxicology, identification of solid drug samples, or trace analysis by means of modern instrumental analysis techniques, is described. In forensic toxicology, samples from a biological source are screened to confirm the presence of alcohol or drugs. Immunoassays combined with chromatographic techniques are most often employed. Solid‐dose drug samples are first subjected to the older spot and microcrystalline tests. Common drugs of abuse are discussed. Trace evidence, a generic term for microscopic physical evidence, may be examined by various microscopic techniques. Photography and high intensity light sources are also important analytic tools. Forensic serology, the characterization of blood and other biological materials, is also presented. Species origin and blood and DNA typing are discussed.

Descriptor‐Based Volcano Relations Predict Single Atoms for Hydroxylamine Electrosynthesis

“…Nevertheless, these molecular catalysts suffer from limited electrical conductivity. In this regard, single‐atom catalysts (SACs), [11] in which metal atoms are uniformly dispersed on the substrate in an isolated manner, are expected to become a promising alternative to metal complexes due to their high electrical conductivity and flexible local structure [2,12] . Recently, Fe SACs exhibited an outstanding Faradaic efficiency of 71 % and an unprecedented production rate of 215 μmol h −1 cm −2 for NH 2 OH production in a flow‐type fuel cell [4b] .…”

Descriptor‐Based Volcano Relations Predict Single Atoms for Hydroxylamine Electrosynthesis

“…Hydroxylamine (NH 2 OH) is a bulk chemical used in the industrial production of caprolactam, fuels, pharmaceuticals, paints, and pesticides (Figure 1a). [1] For instance, the annual worldwide production of NH 2 OH for caprolactam synthesis alone amounts to approximately 0.9 million metric tons [2] . Electrocatalytic selective conversion of inorganic nitrogen oxides (NO, NO 2 − , NO 3 − ) to NH 2 OH in water has attracted significant research interest owing to its mild conditions and high compatibility with renewable electricity [3] .…”

Kinetic study of oxidation of cyclohexane using complex catalyst

“…The oxidation of cyclohexane is of great interest because it gives cyclohexanone, which is the key reactant in the production of adipic acid for production of nylon 66 and caprolactum for production of nylon 6 1, 2. The functionalization of unactivated CH bonds of cyclohexane requires high pressure and temperature, and a number of catalysts have been developed.…”