Forensic detection of image manipulation using statistical intrinsic fingerprints

Exposing image forgery through the detection of contrast enhancement

“…So the variation of the histogram of an unaltered image is low, while contrast enhancement manipulation will expand or squeeze the original histogram and lead to sudden peaks and gaps in the histogram, which causes the increase of high-frequency energy in the histogram spectrum. Based on this observation, Stamm and Liu proposed a general contrast enhancement detection algorithm [1] as follows.…”

“…A value of S greater than the decision threshold η signifies the detection of contrast enhancement. Similar to [1], we applied block-wise detection for local contrast enhancement. Conceivably, the S of unaltered image is closer to zero than that of altered image.…”

“…Therefore, we can expose cut-and-paste image forgery by detecting contrast enhancement. A blind method is proposed in [1] to detect globally and locally applied contrast enhancement operations, which introduce sudden peaks and zeros in the histogram and therefore increase high-frequency components in the histogram spectrum. It achieves good results by comparing the high-frequency measurement of histogram spectrum with a threshold.…”

“…In this work, we propose a novel contrast enhancement detection approach using inter-channel similarities of high-frequency components. In comparison with the algorithm described in [1], the performance of our method is presented based on experimental results under both forensic and anti-forensic scenarios.…”

“…Section 2 briefly reviews the method in [1]. Section 3 describes the proposed detection scheme in details.…”