IntroductionAccording to the U.S. Billion Ton Update (BT2) [1]), a federal investigation into the feasibility of replacing 30% of petroleum feedstocks with renewable biomass, perennial energy crops are projected to provide as much as 61% of the potential biomass in the United States by 2030 under the most favorable set of scenarios (highyield, $60 a ton price, 4% energy crop yield increases). The objective is to grow these crops on marginal agricultural and abandoned land to minimize the impact on production of other agricultural crops and to provide landowners with alternative crops and income from these areas. The northeast United States is well suited to production of perennial energy crops because there are large amounts of marginal agricultural land and reclaimed land. Studies indicate that there are over 2.8 million ha of idle or surplus low-cost agricultural land [2] and 0.5 million ha of disturbed mine land available for deploying perennial energy crops in the northeast [3]. Both woody [e.g., willow (Salix spp.) and hybrid poplar (Populus spp.)] and herbaceous perennial energy crops [e.g., switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Miscanthus] have been identified as potential perennial energy crops on this land base.Interest in shrub willows as a perennial energy crop for production of biomass has developed in Europe and North America over the past few decades because of concerns with energy security, environmental impact associated with the current mix of fossil fuels, Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems, First Edition. Edited by Douglas L. Karlen.