Foreword

Testing the time-scale dependence of delayed interactions: A heat wave during the egg stage shapes how a pesticide interacts with a successive heat wave in the larval stage

“…Organisms are exposed to combinations of stressors that can interact with each other and thereby challenge risk assessment of pesticides (Holmstrup et al 2010;Vighi 2013;Liess et al 2016). Despite the growing number of multistressor studies, little is known when and how successive stressors interact with each other (Gunderson et al 2016).…”

Importance of environmental and biomass dynamics in predicting chemical exposure in ecological risk assessment

“…However, most of these approaches do not properly address environmental realism in terms of, for example, the spatial and temporal variability of exposure and ecological scenarios (affecting both exposure and effects) (De Laender et al, 2014, 2015, the interactions among individuals and populations and the co-occurrence with other stress factors (such as chemical or physical ones). A recent joint scientific opinion document from the three scientific committees of the European Commission (EC, 2013;Vighi, 2013) tried to address the new challenges for risk assessment for human health and the environment. Among the points devised, a number were related to the improvement of environmental exposure assessment (EEA) in ERA.…”