Forgiveness, Hope, and Satisfaction With Life Among Senior High School Students Viewed From Family-related Characteristics in Indonesia

Abstract

This study aims to determine the differences in forgiveness, hope, and satisfaction with life based on familyrelated characteristics, namely birth order, the total number of siblings, parents' marriage status, housemate, parents' age category, parents' occupation nature, and parents' education, aside from general demographic characteristics, among Indonesian senior high school age students. Participants in this study were 909 students of a vocational high school in Semarang, Indonesia obtained through cluster random sampling technique (MAge=15.93; SDAge=.909; male=60.3%; female=39.7%). Participants were asked to complete the identity including general demographic and family-related data, the Forgiveness Scale, the State Hope Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Analyses were conducted using The Man-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis Test. Spearman's rho and descriptive statistics were also used. The results of this study indicate that family-related characteristics have more contribution to differences in hope and satisfaction with life than forgiveness. Forgiveness was only distinguished by housemate and mother's age category. Hope was distinguished by the total number of siblings, parents' marriage status, housemate, father's occupation nature, and both parents' education. Satisfaction with life was distinguished by parents' marriage status, housemate, both parents' occupation nature, and father's education. This study also indicates how the dimensions of forgiveness and the subscales of state hope are specifically related and differentiated according to the familyrelated characteristics observed in this study. In addition, the results of this study indicate the importance of the role of gender differences, especially in the characteristics of fathers and mothers in terms of age, occupation, and education for the various differences of the variables examined in this study.

The Effect Size of Forgiveness in Hope and Life Satisfaction Among Adolescents Living with Imperfect Family Structure: Taking Anxiety Levels and Sex into Consideration

“…Those typical results relate to differences in trend of correlations with hope and life satisfaction, that may be explained by the characteristics of hope, as well as life satisfaction, as found among adolescents. In this study, unlike life satisfaction which is more likely to be normally distributed, the numbers in each category of hope increase with the score (supported by [11]). Previous findings in the population of teenagers explained how the presence of adolescent egocentrism (David Elkind's Theory) in the form of personal fable can result in bias optimism [24] which then seems to be related to hope [37].…”

“…Previous research has shown that incomplete family structures that require adolescents to live with other relatives or other people, or even live alone have the lowest level of forgiveness, hope, and life satisfaction; on the other hand, those who live with both parents have the highest level. Meanwhile, those who live with one parent have a level in between [11].…”

“…Furthermore, sex also has been considered in distinguishing the psychological and social characteristics of adolescents [28] [29] to psychiatric symptoms [30]. Here, sex also distinguishes forgiveness, hope and life satisfaction [11], where male teenagers have a higher and significant level than female teenagers -however, it is not significant for the forgiveness dimension of others.…”

Pengujian Model Pengukuran Congeneric, Tau-Equivalent dan Parallel pada Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)

“…Selain dari sisi budaya, alat ukur SWLS juga cocok digunakan dari berbagai kalangan, di Indonesia SWLS dilakukan penelitian kepada siswa SMA (Rahmandani & Kahija, 2020), mahasiswa di perguruan tinggi (Waskito dkk., 2018), guru di sekolah swasta (Novanto & Pali, 2019), dan dosen di salah satu perguruan tinggi di Indonesia (Novanto dkk., 2020), bahkan sampai lansia yang tinggal di panti jompo (Roswiyani dkk., 2020).…”