Forgiveness in response to cultural microaggressions

Schoulte, Joleen C.; Schultz, James; Altmaier, Elizabeth M.

doi:10.1080/09515070.2011.634266

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Our review found that perceived psychological distress in ethnic and racial minority groups (e.g., anxiety, diminished self-esteem, diminished self-efficacy, etc.) as the result of experiencing racial microaggressions has been documented in several settings, namely therapy (Constantine 2007; Crawford 2011; Morton 2011; Owen et al 2011; Schoulte et al 2011; Sue et al 2008a, b, c), clinical supervision (Barnes 2011; Beaumont 2010; Constantine and Sue 2007), academia (Cartwright et al 2009; Constantine et al 2008; Sue et al 2008, 2009, 2011), university classrooms and environment (Blume et al 2012; Gomez et al 2011; Granger 2011; Grier-Reed 2010; Robinson 2011; Sauceda 2010; Smith et al 2011; Sue and Constantine 2007; Sue et al 2009, 2010; Torres et al 2010; Yasso et al 2009), and the community (Burdsey 2011; De Oliveira Braga Lopez 2011; Huber 2011; Nadal 2008a; Nadal et al 2011b; Rivera et al 2010; Sue et al 2009; Wang et al 2011). However, only one study to date has explicitly explored the long-term effects of experiencing racial microaggressions (Torres et al 2010), and questions still remain regarding the cumulative effect of racial microaggressions across the lifespan.…”

Section: A Review and Critique Of Racial Microaggressions Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology

et al. 2013

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Since the publication of Sue et al. (Am Psychol 62:271–286, 2007a, b) seminal article, there has been an enormous scholarly interest in psychology on this construct of racial microaggressions—subtle everyday experiences of racism. In this paper, we provide a review of racial microaggressions research literature in psychology since 2007, following the publication of the first comprehensive taxonomy of racial microaggressions, which provided a conceptual framework and directions for research related to racial microaggressions. However, our review suggests that important conceptual and methodological issues remain to be addressed in the three domains: (1) what are racial microaggressions and who do they impact; (2) why are racial microaggressions important to examine; and (3) how are racial microaggressions currently studied and how might we improve the methodologies used to study racial microaggressions. We propose recommendations to further facilitate racial microaggressions research, improve the scientific rigor of racial microaggressions research, and contribute toward a more complete and sophisticated understanding of the concept and consequences of racial microaggressions—a construct that is undoubtedly salient and psychologically relevant among many members of racial minority groups.

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Section: A Review and Critique Of Racial Microaggressions Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology

et al. 2013

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“…Racial and ethnic microaggressions have been associated with psychological distress, such as anger, anxiety, confusion, and contempt (e.g., Blume, Lovato, Thyken, & Denny, 2012;Mercer, Zeigler-Hill, Hayes, & Wallace, 2011;Schoulte, Schultz, & Altmaier, 2011;Wang, Leu, & Shoda, 2011). Many racial and ethnic minority (REM) individuals experience microaggressions in ev eryday life, and unfortunately they also can be experienced during therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy.

Owen

Tao

Imel

et al. 2014

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice

166

184

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Racial and ethnic microaggressions in everyday life can negatively impact the well-being of racial and ethnic minorities (REM). When microaggressions are perceived in therapy they can interfere with therapeutic progress. However, little is known about whether microaggressions are addressed in therapy and if so, does addressing them impact the therapeutic relationship. REM clients from a university counseling center (n = 120) reported on their therapy experience. Approximately 53% of clients reported experiencing a microaggression from their therapist. Clients' perceptions of micro aggressions were negatively related to the working alliance, even after controlling for their current psychological well-being, number of sessions, and therapist racial and ethnic status. Of those clients who reported a microaggression, nearly 76% reported that the microaggression was not discussed. For those clients who experienced a microaggression and did not discuss it, alliance ratings were lower as compared with clients who did not experience a microaggression or who experienced a microaggression but discussed it.

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“…Past research has found a significant relationship between ethnic discrimination and increased traumatic stress symptoms among Latinos (Flores et al, 2010;Pole, Best, Metzler, & Marmar, 2005). Furthermore, individuals who reported experiencing ethnic microaggressions have also indicated elevated intrusive, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms (Schoulte et al, 2011). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnic microaggressions, traumatic stress symptoms, and Latino depression: A moderated mediational model.

Torres

Taknint

2015

Journal of Counseling Psychology

121

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Although ethnic microaggressions have received increased empirical attention in recent years, there remains a paucity of research regarding how these subtle covert forms of discrimination contribute to Latino mental health. The present study examined the role of traumatic stress symptoms underlying the relationship between ethnic microaggressions and depression. Further, ethnic identity and general self-efficacy were tested as moderators between the ethnic microaggressions and traumatic stress link. Among a sample of 113 Latino adults, moderated mediational analyses revealed statistically significant conditional indirect effects in which traumatic stress symptoms mediated the relationship between ethnic microaggressions and depression while ethnic identity and self-efficacy functioned as moderators. The major findings suggested that the indirect effects were the most robust within low ethnic identity and low self-efficacy. The findings are discussed within a stress and coping framework that highlight the internal resources and stress responses associated with experiencing ethnic microaggressions.

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Forgiveness in response to cultural microaggressions

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology

The What, the Why, and the How: A Review of Racial Microaggressions Research in Psychology

Addressing racial and ethnic microaggressions in therapy.

Ethnic microaggressions, traumatic stress symptoms, and Latino depression: A moderated mediational model.

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